WO1998017852A1

WO1998017852A1 - Rapid fabric forming

Info

Publication number: WO1998017852A1
Application number: PCT/US1997/018641
Authority: WO
Inventors: Peter Popper; William Charles Walker; Albert S. Tam; Paul Wesley Yngve; James K. Odle; George Yeaman Thompson, Jr.
Original assignee: E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
Priority date: 1996-10-18
Filing date: 1997-10-17
Publication date: 1998-04-30
Also published as: KR100498947B1; EP0932718B1; KR20000049282A; IL129266A0; BR9712411A; CN1240007A; CN1201041C; AU731897B2; CA2638959A1; EP0932718A1; CA2638960A1; JP2001524169A; CA2267790C; DE69736005T2; CA2267790A1; TW366372B; RU2185469C2; DE69736005D1; AU4984597A

Abstract

The invention is a process and apparatus to rapidly form a flat or shaped fabric and the fabric formed thereby.

Description

TITLE RAPID FABRIC FORMING FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention teaches a process and apparatus to rapidly form a flat or shaped fabric and the fabric formed thereby consisting of groups of yarn densely covering an area.

TECHNICAL BACKGROUND Textile fabric is often formed from strands, or filaments, of yarn by weaving or knitting or the like to hold the strands together. Processes of weaving and knitting where strands are guided over and under adjacent strands are slow and do not permit much variety in forming fabric shapes. In a loom for weaving fabrics, the weft yarns are added one at a time. These processes typically result in flat or cylindrical fabrics. There is a need for a process that, in addition to making flat or cylindrical fabrics, permits more variety in forming fabrics with random three dimensional shapes, for instance, that would permit forming an article of clothing, such as a shirt, without having to cut pieces of fabric and seam them together. The cutting of fabric into irregularly shaped patterns wastes a lot of fabric, plus cutting and sewing add steps over forming the fabric article directly. The same problem is present in making flexible engineered shapes such as automotive air bags, sail boat sails, industrial filter bags, or the like. In these cases, the need for seams to form three dimensional shapes presents problems with structural strength and/or permeability so the seams must be carefully made.

There is a need for a way to rapidly form a flexible fabric from strands of yarn; there is a need for a way to rapidly form a three dimensional, flexible, fabric article without cutting a flat fabric and seaming.

There is also a problem making complex shapes for composite structures that may be impregnated with a hardenable resin. It is sometimes desired to lay down the filaments in a three dimensional shape before adding the resin or during resin addition. Present means for doing so involve complex forms with retractable support means to hold the filaments in place before the resin hardens. There is a need for a simpler way to preform these fabric shapes without seams. Such seams would compromise the strength of the composite structure.

A series of Oswald patents (U.S. 4,600,456; U.S. 4,830,781 ; and U.S. 4,838,966) lay down a pattern of partially vulcanized rubber coated strips, or cords, to make a loop of preformed reinforcing belt for a vehicle tire. The strips or cords are stuck together wherever they touch to make a relatively stiff structure. The cords are laid in a "zig-zag repeating pattern with succeeding lengths of the strips being displaced from each other. The cord lengths are interleaved with lengths of cords disposed at an opposite angle... This interleaving relationship results in a woven structure". The stickiness of the partially vulcanized rubber apparently holds the cords in place to a forming surface and to each other until the belt is assembled with other elements of the tire and molded under heat and pressure to form a completed tire. The process practiced by Oswald and others uses one or a few cords that are traversed back and forth across the belt numerous times to complete one circumference. This is believed to result in a multilayered structure where the cords in any one layer are sparsely arrayed, but they do not completely cover the belt area. It is only after repeated zig-zag passes over the belt area that the area becomes sparsely covered with cord. Due to the repeated zig-zag passes of only a few cords, it is believed that within any one layer there are cords layed down in two different directions that do not cross one another. Cords that cross one another would be in different layers. These structural features of the reinforcing belts are symptomatic of a process that lays down only a few cords at a time and must make repeated passes over the belt area to get coverage of the area. There is a need for a simple non-weaving process that can make fabric structures by laying down many yams simultaneously over a fabric area to sparsely cover it rapidly, and to stack several of such sparse yam coverages to densely cover the area.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention concerns a fabric product and its variations, processes for making the product and variations on such processes and several forms of automated devices for making preferred forms of the product. Included in the invention are the following embodiments: A fabric structure comprising: a plurality of groups of yam densely covering an area and the yams within one group following substantially parallel paths (defined to include loops in a yam path) and the yams in one group arranged to cross yams in another group; a plurality of subgroups comprising each group, each subgroup comprising a plurality of yarns sparsely covering said area, and the yams in one subgroup of one group offset from the yams in the other subgroups in said one group; a plurality of connections between the top subgroup of the structure and the bottom subgroup of the structure either directly or through the yams in other subgroups.

In other embodiments, there are unconnected regions separate from the connections and the inherent flexibility of the yams in the structure is retained in the unconnected regions. In other embodiments, the connections are spaced apart bonded regions and there are unbonded regions separate from the bonded regions and the inherent flexibility of the yams is retained in the unbonded regions.

In further embodiments, the yams in a subgroup follow substantially parallel paths that cause each of the yams to cross itself within a subgroup and to cross its neighbors within a group.

In other embodiments, the yams in a subgroup of one group are folded over to become the yams in a subgroup of another group and thereby to cross them. In other embodiments, a film or nonwoven sheet is placed between two adjacent subgroups within the structure.

In other embodiments, there are three groups of yam employed in the fabric structure to make a stacked triaxial fabric structure.

Also claimed herein is a method of forming such an interlaced structure comprising: laying down a first yam subgroup having a plurality of yams oriented in a first angular direction free of crossings, the yams in the first subgroup following substantially parallel paths that are spaced apart in a repeating pattern to sparsely cover a predetermined fabric area; stacking a second yam subgroup next to the first yam subgroup, the second yam subgroup having a plurality of yams oriented in a second angular direction free of crossings, the yams in the second subgroup following substantially parallel paths that are spaced apart in a repeating pattern to sparsely cover the predetermined fabric area; continuing alternately stacking a plurality of first yam subgroups and a plurality of second yam subgroups comprising the substeps of: offsetting the plurality of yams in any one subgroup of the plurality of first subgroups from the plurality of yams in all other subgroups of the first plurality of subgroups, and laying down all the yams in one of the first plurality of subgroups before laying down the yams in another subgroup; offsetting the plurality of yams in any one subgroup of the plurality of second subgroups from the plurality of yams in all other subgroups of the second plurality of subgroups and laying down all the yams in one of the second plurality of subgroups before laying down the yams in another subgroup; stopping the stacking when all of the plurality of first subgroups form a first yarn group comprising yams that densely cover the predetermined fabric area, and when the stacking of all of the plurality of second subgroups form a second yam group comprising yams that densely cover the predetermined fabric area; and connecting the yams in the top subgroup in the stack to the yarns in the bottom subgroup in the stack to thereby contain the other subgroups in the stack and form an interlaced fabric stmcture.

The method as above further comprising: urging the stacked subgroup of each group to nest together into a consolidated structure where the yams in one group bend over the yams in the adjacent groups.

The method as above wherein the connecting step comprises bonding said subgroups at spaced regions and providing unbonded regions separate from the bonded regions wherein the inherent flexibility of the yams is retained in the unbonded regions.

Connecting the outermost subgroups may also include connecting strands from the innermost subgroups. The connecting means may consist of loops of yarn, spots of adhesive, bonded joints (such as those formed by squeezing the outermost groups together and applying ultrasonic energy to the squeezed yams), staples and clips.

The invention is also a three dimensional shaped product and a process of rapidly forming a three dimensional shaped fabric where the yams in the subgroups are not necessarily generally parallel, but are regularly spaced to follow the contours of the shape. The three dimensional, shaped, interlaced, fabric structure, comprises: a stack of a first plurality of subgroups, a second plurality of subgroups, and a third plurality of subgroups, each subgroup having yarns spaced apart to define a sparse covering of a fabric area, the yams generally parallel, and the ya s following a curved path in space; the stacked subgroups arranged in a predetermined array with reference to a common axis and a common reference plane perpendicular to said axis; the first subgroups arranged at a first angle with respect to said reference plane and positioned at a first rotational angle about said axis, the second subgroups arranged at a second angle with respect to said reference plane and positioned at a second rotational angle about said axis, the third subgroups arranged at a first angle with respect to said reference plane and positioned at a third rotational angle about said axis, wherein the yams in any one of the first, second and third subgroups cross the yams in another of the first, second and third subgroups; within each first, second and third plurality of subgroups, the yams of one subgroup are offset from the yams of the other subgroups to thereby form a group of yams for each of the respective subgroups, the group for any respective subgroups densely covering a fabric area; the top subgroup in the stack is connected to the bottom subgroup in the stack to thereby form a three-dimensional, shaped interlaced, fabric structure.

Further taught herein is a fabric forming device for forming a fabric stmcture from a plurality of yams, comprising: (a) an endless loop conveyor having a traveling support surface for supporting the fabric stmcture being formed, the surface having opposed edges parallel to the direction of travel and holders along each edge to temporarily hold the yam to resist lateral motion of the yam, the conveyor having a controllable motor for propelling the traveling support; (b) a plurality of guide bars adapted for movement across the surface from edge to edge, each bar containing a plurality of guides for repeatedly guiding a plurality of yams from the holders along one edge to the holders along the opposed edge and back to the one edge, the guide bars having a controllable actuator for propelling the bars back and forth across the support surface; (c) a plurality of bonders arranged across the support surface between the support surface edges and beyond the last guide bar in the direction of travel of the surface, the bonders adapted to bond one yam to another yam where they cross;

(d) a controller for coordinating the controllable motor; and actuators to continuously form a fabric stmcture on the support surface of the conveyor.

A further embodiment is a yam dispensing device for laying down yam accurately on a compound curvature, when using a mechanical actuator, comprising the following elements: (a) a mechanical guide actuating means;

(b) a yam guide comprising a frame that supports a hollow shaft through which yam can pass;

(c) a slide, attached to the yam guide, and also attached to the guide actuating means; (d) a block mounted on said hollow shaft which supports a plurality of flexible springs that intersect at a common point;

(e) at the point of intersection of the springs is a hollow tip with a hemispherical end through which the yam can pass, said springs permitting motion of the tip in an axial or angular direction, the rotation of said shaft allowing the tip to roll over any surface it contacts while it is also free to deflect axially and angularly, so as to accurately place a yam on the surface while the yam passes through a hole in the hollow shaft and a hole in the hollow tip. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES Figures 1A-E show plan views of a progression of yam laydown to form a basic two group (two-directional or biaxial) flexible fabric from a plurality of multiple-yam subgroups. Figures 2A-E show plan and side views of the yarn subgroups of basic cells of the fabric.

Figures 3A-C show plan and elevation views of variations in yam arrangement in a cell.

Figures 4A-D show plan views of additional biaxial fabric structures. Figures 5A-B show two different plan views of a three layer (three- directional or triaxial) flexible fabric.

Figure 6 shows an apparatus for continuously forming a two dimensional biaxial yam fabric with the yams oriented at an acute angle to the machine direction, and a fabric thus formed. Figure 7 is an enlarged view of a portion of the fabric of Figure 6.

Figures 8A-B show another apparatus for continuously forming a two dimensional biaxial yam fabric similar to that of Figure 7.

Figure 9 is an enlarged view of a portion of a fabric formed by the apparatus of Figure 8. Figures 10A-B show a table apparatus for making a single batch of two dimensional or three dimensional fabric stmcture and a sample of a piece of three dimensional biaxial fabric stmcture.

Figure 1 1 A shows a mandrel apparatus for making a single batch of two- dimensional or three dimensional fabric stmcture. Figure 1 IB shows a mandrel apparatus for making a tubular batch of fabric stmcture.

Figure 1 1C shows a flattened view of a tubular fabric stmcture made on the apparatus of Figure 1 IB.

Figure 1 1 D shows a special device for laying down yam. Figure 12 shows another mandrel apparatus for making a single batch of three dimensional fabric stmcture.

Figure 13 shows another apparatus for continuously forming a two dimensional biaxial fabric stmcture with the yams oriented at 0 degrees and 90 degrees to the machine direction. Figure 14 shows a diagrammatic view of a cell of fabric.

Figure 15 shows a generalized yam dispensing system for a shaped mandrel.

Figures 16A-16D show the general orientation of a single subgroup of a single group onto the shape of Figure 15. Figures 17A-17D show the orientation of a single subgroup of three groups onto the shape of Figure 15.

Figures 18A-18E show the orientation of successive subgroups of each group being deposited to densely cover the shape of Figure 15 and form the shaped fabric.

Figures 19A-19E show a system for making a shirt fabric. Figure 20 shows a special device for laying down yam on mandrels with compound curves.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Figures 1 A-E show a simplified basic stmcture and process for forming a two-directional or biaxial yam fabric 22 (Figure IE) of the invention on a planar surface 23. In Figure 1A, two yams 30 and 32 are laid down in a first direction, such as a ninety degree direction 34. Yarns 30 and 32 are spaced apart a cell distance, or space, 33 which may be about 3-20 yam diameters (preferably 4-16, and most preferably 4-8); about four diameters are shown here to provide 4 positions for yams to be laid down spaced from, or offset from, the other yams in that direction. In Figure IB, two yams 36 and 38 are laid down in a second direction, such as a zero degree direction 40, and on top of the first yarns. Yams 36 and 38 are also spaced apart a cell distance, or space, 42 which is the same magnitude as cell distance 33 for these yams of the same width. For yams of different widths or for special effects, cell distances 33 and 42 may be different. In Figure 1C, two yams 44 and 46 are spaced apart at distance 33 and in direction 34, and are placed adjacent yams 30 and 32 respectively, and on top of yams 36 and 38. Two yams 48 and 50 are then spaced apart at distance 42 and in direction 40, and are placed adjacent yams 36 and 38 respectively, and on top of yams 44 and 46. In Figure ID, two yams 52 and 54 are spaced apart at distance 33 and in direction 34, and are placed adjacent yams 44 and 46 respectively, and on top of yarns 48 and 50. Two yams 56 and 58 are then spaced apart at distance 42 and in direction 40, and are placed adjacent yams 48 and 50 respectively, and on top of yams 52 and 54. In Figure IE, two yams 60 and 62 are spaced apart at distance 33 and in direction 34, and are placed adjacent yams 52 and 54 respectively, and on top of yarns 56 and 58. Two yams 64 and 66 are then spaced apart at distance 42 and in direction 40, and are placed adjacent yams 56 and 58 respectively, and on top of yams 60 and 62. This completes the yam lay-down and a basic planar fabric stmcture 22 has been created of a plurality of yams that are held in place now only by friction and gravity. It remains to secure the yams in place. This is done in the simplest manner by attaching the top yams 64 and 66 to the bottom yams 30 and 32 where they cross at points 68, 70, 72, and 74. This now traps all the yams in the structure together so they can not be removed in the manner in which they were assembled.

The stmcture shown in Figure I E is also shown in Figure 2A expanded slightly and the ends of the yarns extended for purposes of further discussion. The stmcture as illustrated in Figure 2A has a characteristic stmcture, or cell 61, that would be repeated in a large area of the fabric; it is shown outlined by heavy dashed lines. There is a crossing point between the uppermost yams and lowermost yams in each cell of this stmcture, such as point 68 in cell 61 where an uppermost yarn 66 crosses a lowermost yam 32. Figure 2B shows a side elevation view 2B-2B of fabric 22 in Figure 2A where the yams are shown as rigid elements. It will be appreciated that since the yams are flexible, if untensioned they will bend over and under one another in the stmcture and collapse to about a two-to-four yarn thickness so it will be difficult to pull unbonded yams from the stmcture. This over and under path of a yam in a stmcture is referred to in the fabric art as interlace. The more interlace that is present, the more the fabric is stable and the yams tend to stay in place without shifting and opening up holes in the fabric. That is, the fabric has good integrity. This is a desirable feature for maintaining the covering ability of the fabric over an area. A representation of a fully collapsed stmcture is depicted in Figure 2C where the individual yams in each subgroup 1 -8 are identified. The fully collapsed thickness at 57 is about the thickness of an individual yam of one group in one direction, 34, stacked on top of an individual yam of the other group in the other direction, 40. This fully consolidated thickness is about two yam diameters thick which may be achieved by urging the yams together with an increased amount of bonding. By controlling the bonding to be the minimum as shown in Figure 2A, the fabric stmcture may be much bulkier and achieve a thickness 59 of 3-4 yam diameters. This is 1 V₂-2 times bulkier than if the same yam were used in a woven structure. Alternatively, a less expensive, lower bulk yam with less texture and/or crimp could be used in the stmcture of the invention to achieve the same bulky fabric as a woven stmcture using a more expensive high-bulk yam. This is a unique advantage of the fabric of the invention.

It is useful to develop some special definitions to discuss the general features of the invention referring to Figures IE, 2 A and 2B: yam - a predominantly one dimensional, elongated, flexible, fabric element essentially continuous in length such as a strand, fiber, filament, wire, rope, tape, ribbon, tow, thread, tube, string, or the like made up of one or more subelements that may be continuous in length (such as a continuous multi- filament yam) or discontinuous in length (such as a staple yam). cell - a cell is the smallest section of a fabric where the yarn pattern appears to repeat over most of the fabric structure, and where, for convenience, the topmost yam, such as yam 66, lies along one side of the cell and the next topmost yam, such as yam 60, lies along the other side of the cell (other repeating units of the cell could be chosen if desired). In Figure 2A, a complete cell is shown as cell 61. In some structures, the edges of the fabric may only have partial cells, or there may be several cells in a fabric with slightly different yam laydown patterns that will repeat in the fabric. In some fabrics, there may be highly variable or very large cell repeats and it may not be useful to designate a cell; the entire fabric may be referred to as a cell. group of yam - a group of yam comprises all the yams in a fabric or cell in a given direction, such as a zero degree direction or a ninety degree direction. In Figure 2A, the zero degree yam group for all cells is designated by the Roman numeral I, and the ninety degree yam group for all cells is designated by the Roman numeral II. The yams in a group form a dense covering of yam over an area and the yams in a group follow substantially parallel paths which may include curved paths or looped paths where a given yam may cross itself. To achieve the most dense covering, the yams would all be non-intersecting and preferably parallel; for less dense covering, this is not necessary. cell space - the cell space is the length of the side of a cell that determines the space available for the number of non-intersecting, non- overlapping yams in a group. For simple repeating cells, this dimension defines the yam spacing between sparsely spaced yams in a subgroup (see below). For group II, the cell space is shown at 33; for group I, the cell space is shown at 42. Within the cell space 33 or 42 shown in Figures 1 A, IB, and 2 A, there are four positions for the yams in that group that are offset from one another. For the cell shown in Figure 2 A identified using the conventions developed, the cell space 33 is seen between the top yams 64 and 66. subgroup of yam - a subgroup is a plurality of yams making up a sparce subdivision of a group. The yams in a group are stacked in subgroups with yams of other groups. In Figures 2A, 2B and 2C the total of eight subgroups for a complete cell are labeled 1-8, with all the yams in a subgroup given the same number; subgroups 1, 3, 5, 7 make up group I for cell 61 and subgroups 2, 4, 6, 8 make up group II for cell 61. Each subgroup considered by itself is a sparse covering of yams over the fabric area. For instance, the yams labeled 1 make up subgroup 1 and they are spaced apart at cell spacing 33. The yams labeled 1 comprise the lowermost subgroup of group I and also the cell, and they are stacked against the yams labeled 2 in the lowermost subgroup of group II in the cell. The yams in the different subgroups in group I are non-intersecting, that is, in a plan view they do not lay on top of one another, although in special cases involving yarn loops, an individual yam in a subgroup may cross itself and other subgroup yams as in Figure 2E. yam position - the yarn position in a given group refers to the location in a cell where a yam is placed relative to a preselected reference yam in the same group. Within the distance of a cell space, there are a finite number of yam positions available for the yams in the subgroup of a group that are substantially parallel and offset from one another. In a preferred convention, an X-axis is placed over an uppermost yam in the cell and a Y-axis is placed through an origin defined by the intersection of the uppermost yam and a yam in the next subgroup that crosses the uppermost yam. For the sake of convention, the cell would be defined as the repeating unit of yam stmcture that has one edge adjacent the X-axis and the X-Y origin in the lower left comer of the cell. The yam position for a subgroup can then be defined as the fraction of the total number of possible yarn positions spaced from the reference yam, with the reference yam being in the zero-th position. If the paths of the yams are not straight, unlike the example of Figures 1A-E and 2 A, the X-axis would align with the predominant non-straight path which may be the axis of symmetry of the yam path, in the case of a sinusoidal or zigzag path. In cell 61 of Figure 2A, the uppermost yam 66 in subgroup 8 of group II is selected as the reference yarn and is coincident with an X-axis 71. The yam 60 in the next subgroup 7 of the cell 61 crosses the reference yam 66 in subgroup 8. Where it crosses reference yam 66 defines an origin 75 through which a Y-axis 77 passes. The subgroup positions of the group I yams within the cell 61 are labeled 0/4, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4 with subgroup 8, represented by the uppermost yam 66, in the 0/4 position and the sign determined by the direction of the Y-coordinate where the yam crosses the Y-axis. The subgroup positions of the group II yams within the cell 61 are labeled 0/4, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, with subgroup 7, represented by the next yam 60, in the 0/4 position and the sign determined by the direction of the X-coordinate where the yam crosses the X-axis. Referring to Figures 2A and 2B, the yams in subgroup 1 of group II, such as yam 32, are in the 1/4 position in the cell shown, which is the +1 location of 4 possible positions. Referring to Figures 2A and 2D, the yams in subgroup 6 of group I, such as yarn 56, are in position 3/4 in the cell shown, which is the +3 location of 4 possible positions. A matrix can be created to describe the arrangement of yams in a cell of a stmcture. For instance, for the fabric illustrated in Figures 2A, 2B, and 2C, the matrix for the two groups of yams, 0 and 90, would look like the following: no of pos. subgroup 3rd group other group for subgroup offset shift from shift from group/direction subgroup yarns position orig. orig.

I I/O top 8 4 0/4 n/a n/a

1/90 next 7 4 0/4

I I/O 6 4 3/4

1/90 5 4 3/4

I I/O 4 4 2/4

1/90 3 4 2/4

II/O 2 4 1/4

1/90 1 4 1/4

In Figure IE, four yams are used to fill space 33: yam 30, 44, 52, and 60. From a practical standpoint, the size of each space 33 and 40 determines the length of unsecured yam on the top and bottom surfaces of the fabric stmcture, such as length 76 in the zero degree uppermost yam 64, and length 78 in the ninety degree lowermost yam 30 in Figure IE. As this space increases when more subgroups of yams are added to the stmcture, the unsecured yarn length, grows and may present a snagging problem in the finished fabric stmcture. On the other hand, it may be desirable to have such an unsecured yam on the surface of the fabric for some applications. In satin fabrics made by conventional weaving processes, there are many long segments of unsecured yam on the surface of such a fabric to create a special style and hand. When it is desired to minimize the length of unsecured yam on the surface of the fabric, however, four to eight yam diameters is the preferred determinant for space 33 and 40 and the number of subgroups. Sixteen to twenty yam diameters is probably a maximum cell space from a practical standpoint. If a thicker stmcture is acceptable or desired, two complete fabric structures can be assembled one on top of the other and then the outer subgroups connected so the number of subgroups is increased without increasing the unsecured yam length on the fabric surface. There are various patterns possible for laying down the subgroups of yam.

All yams in one subgroup are in place before the succeeding subgroup is put in place, which characterizes the yams in a subgroup. Figure 2A shows the basic module of fabric stmcture shown in Figure 1 E where the sequence of subgroup placement going from left to right is 1-3-5-7 in each ninety degree group and going from bottom to top of the figure is 2-4-6-8 in each zero degree group. In Figure 3 A, the sequence of subgroup placement going from left to right is 1-5-7-3 in each ninety degree group; the sequence of subgroup placement going from bottom to top of the figure is 2-6-8-4 in each zero degree group. Figure 3 B is an elevation view 3B-3B of Figure 3 A and shows the position of the subgroups in cell 79 in Figure 3A. Figure 3C shows another pattern where the ninety degree yarns were shifted as in Figure 2A (1-3-5-7) and the zero degree ya s were shifted as in Figure 3 A (2-6-8-4). As can be seen, various patterns of yam shifts in each subgroup are possible to vary yarn patterns or stmctural features as desired, and the zero degree and ninety degree subgroups may be shifted differently. Another variation is shown in Figure 4A where the yams in succeeding subgroups are placed in the middle of the cell space remaining to produce a different looking pattern of yams. In general, the placement in Figure 4A is less preferred; rather it is preferred to place the yams in succeeding subgroups adjacent a yam in a preceding subgroup. This results in improved accuracy of yam placement and restraint of yam movement in the direction of the adjacent yam during buildup of the stmcture before bonding. Figure 4B shows still another pattern. The actual steps followed by a yam placement device for sequentially placing the subgroups may also be varied further as desired. For instance, referring to Figure 2A and the ninety degree group, a device may step through the numerical sequence 1, 3, 5, 7 as seen in brackets 63, or 65, or 67, or 69; the zero degree group may be varied similarly. The steps followed will not affect the appearance and structure of the pattern in the mid-section of the fabric stmcture, but may be used to determine the appearance along the edge of the fabric.

Means of connecting the top and bottom yarns are possible other than by connecting only the points of overlap. In one preferred embodiment, an ultrasonic hom is traversed across the stmcture diagonally in a path 51 , such as through point 68 and point 74 (Figure IE), to continuously bond all the yams in the path to their overlapping neighbors. A parallel path 53 would run through point 70 and another parallel path 55 would mn through point 72 so a plurality of ultrasonically bonded pathways would exist to hold the stmcture together. Alternatively, the bond pathways could mn from point 68 to 70 or 68 to 72. In practice, the paths would not have to pass directly through points 68, 70, 72 and 74 to effectively trap the yams in the stmcture. What is important is that the top yams and bottom yams are connected to other yarns that are eventually connected to one another, so the top yams are eventually connected by a series of connections to the bottom yam. This "pathway process" of connecting is beneficial in that precise location of the bonds at the top and bottom yam overlap points is not required, although it is still preferred. Such a spacing of paths as just discussed results in a bonding frequency that is low enough to retain the inherent flexibility of the yams in the stmcture in spite of the high frequency of molten polymer fused bonds. The bond pathways form a bonded region in the fabric stmcture and can be used to control the fabric bulk. Between the bond pathways, such as paths 51 and 55 there is an unbonded region 49 where the yarns remain unbonded and unconnected so the inherent flexibility of the yam used in the stmcture is retained. It will be appreciated that to make a fabric stmcture of a practical size, a great many yams would be used and many bonded regions and unbonded regions would be employed.

Figure 4C shows a small area of a portion of a fabric with a pattem that resembles that in Figure IE (also 2A). The small area fabric portion 22 shown in Figure 1E/2A, referred to as a simple cell/single step pattem (or just the simple cell pattem), can be made with four passes of two yams in each group, such as four passes of two feed yams 30 and 32 in the ninety degree direction; alternated with four passes of two feed yams 36 and 38 in the zero degree direction. In each sublayer the succeeding yarns are placed next to the previous yams at a single yarn step away. This fabric could be rapidly made in this manner. An equivalent fabric portion 24 shown in Figure 4C was made with eight passes of only a single feed yam in each group, such as eight passes of feed yam 41 in the ninety degree direction alternated with eight passes of feed yam 43 in the zero degree direction. If the numbered sequence shown at 45a is followed for the ninety degree feed yam 41, and the numbered sequence shown at 45b is followed for the zero degree feed ya 43, a pattem very similar to that in Figure 1E/2A is produced. The pattem in the fabric portion made as in Figure 1E/2A shows four cells of fabric with four yarns per cell side, and the pattem in the fabric portion made as in Figure 4C shows one cell of fabric with eight yams per cell side. Some visual differences in the fabric can be observed looking at the lower right quadrant of the two fabrics where it is seen that in Figure 2A (same as IE), subgroup 5 passes under subgroup 6, and subgroup 7 passes under subgroup 8; but in the equivalent fabric in Figure 4C, subgroup 11 passes over subgroup 10 and subgroup 15 passes over subgroup 14.

This pattem in Figure 4C is referred to as the split/single step pattem (or just the split cell pattem) since the second yam layed down in each group of yams, 41a and 43a, splits the cell distance, such as distance 47, into some cell fraction, such as 1/2 cell, as shown by the equal split cell distances 47a and 47b. The succeeding yams in each group, such as yams 41b and 43b, are then layed down next to previous yams, such as yams 41 and 43 respectively, at a single yam step away in the first split cell distances, such as 47a. Also succeeding yams in each group, such as yams 41c and 43c, are then layed down next to previous yams, such as yams 41a and 43 a respectively, at a single yam step away in the second split cell distances, such as 47b. In this way, the two or more split cell fractions are built up together. When the cell is completed, the top and bottom yam intersection is bonded as at 73. Additional bond lines similar to those shown at 51 , 53. and 55 in Figure I E could also be utilized to bond more of the yarns to each other, as shown at 73a, 73b, and 73c in Figure 4C. More or fewer bond lines may be utilized as desired. For the simple cell/single step pattem and split cell/single step pattem, and any other similar pattem which produces good yam interlace, it may be possible to use fewer than the suggested one bond per cell over a large fabric pattem that has many cells and bonds.

Figure 4D shows, for comparison, a fabric 26 made using the simple cell pattem as in Figure 1E/2A but using eight yams per cell distance instead of only four. Only a single feed yam for each group of yams would be needed for the area of fabric shown in this single cell. The numbered sequence shown at 27a is followed for the ninety degree feed yam 25, alternating with the numbered sequence shown at 27b which is followed for the zero degree feed yam 28. This single cell pattem covers the same area as the four cell area of Figure 1E/2A or the single cell area Figure 4C, but it has a large number of long unsecured yam lengths which may be undesirable for some applications. When placing down a large number of yams per cell (8 or greater), it is preferred to use the split cell pattem to minimize the number of long unsupported yarn lengths.

It has been found that the pattem of yams illustrated in Figure 1E/2A and 4C provide particularly good interlacing of ya s so the fabric stmctures tend to hold their shapes better without yams shifting and holes opening up in the fabric. There are some significant differences in the two yam laydown patterns, however. The simple cell of Figure 1E/2A utilizes more feed yams per inch of fabric than the split cell of Figure 4C, and if the practice of providing at least one bond per cell is followed, more bonds would be used per area of fabric. The use of more feed ya s may require a larger yam creel and more ya guides as will be appreciated when various apparatuses will be discussed below. This use of more feed yam per inch, however, results in more rapid fabric development using the simple cell pattem. The split cell pattem, on the other hand, provides the same good interlacing of yams as the simple cell pattem and offers more flexibility in forming different yam stmctures with any given apparatus at the tradeoff of fabric forming time. In general terms, the fabric stmcture of the invention is an interlaced fabric structure comprising:

- a plurality of first yam subgroups having a plurality of yams oriented in a first angular direction free of crossings, the first yam subgroups forming a stack with a plurality of second yam subgroups having a plurality of yams oriented in a second angular direction free of crossings; - the yarns in each subgroup following substantially parallel paths that are spaced apart in a repeating pattem to sparsely cover a common predetermined fabric area;

- the yam subgroups are alternately stacked with a first subgroup next to a second subgroup, wherein the yams in the first subgroup cross the yams in the second subgroup;

- the yams in any one subgroup of the plurality of first subgroups are offset from the yams in all other subgroups of the first plurality of subgroups;

- the yams in any one subgroup of the plurality of second subgroups are offset from the yams in all other subgroups of the second plurality of subgroups;

- the stacking of all of the plurality of first subgroups forming a first yam group comprising yams that densely cover the predetermined fabric area, and the stacking of all of the plurality of second subgroups forming a second yarn group comprising yams that densely cover the predetermined fabric area; and

- the yams in the top subgroup in the stack, are connected to the yarns in the bottom subgroup in the stack, to thereby contain the other subgroups in the stack in an interlaced fabric structure.

In the case of the simple cell, single step pattem, the interlaced fabric structure also includes:

- the yams in successive ones of the plurality of first subgroups in the stack are offset from each other by the width of a yam in that subgroup of the fabric; and

- the yams in successive ones of the plurality of second subgroups in the stack are offset from each other by the width of a yam in that subgroup of the fabric.

In the case of the split cell pattem, the interlaced fabric stmcture also includes:

- the plurality of first subgroups are arranged in the stack to define a total number of offset yam steps equal to the number of subgroups making up the plurality of first subgroups (the distance of such a yam step is equivalent to the yam diameter of a ya in the subgroup as it appears in the fabric), and wherein successive ones of the plurality of first yam subgroups are placed at a plurality of equal subintervals of yam steps from each other; - and subsequent ones of the plurality of first yam subgroups are progressively placed in the subintervals with the plurality of yams in successive ones of the plurality of first subgroups being offset one yam step from each other;

- the plurality of second subgroups are arranged in the stack to define a total number of offset yam steps equal to the number of subgroups making up the plurality of second subgroups, and wherein successive ones of the plurality of second yam subgroups in the stack are placed at a plurality of equal subintervals of yarn steps from each other;

- and subsequent ones of the plurality of second yam subgroups in the stack are progressively placed in the subintervals with the plurality of yams in successive ones of the plurality of second subgroups being offset one yam step from each other.

The connection means for fabrics of the invention may be by ultrasonic bonding as discussed if the yams are a thermoplastic polymer and the top and bottom yams are compatible polymers that will bond together by fusion. The connection (or bonding) means may also be a hot melt adhesive, a solvent that softens the ya polymer and permits the yams to fuse together, a room temperature curing adhesive, a solvent based adhesive or other impregnating type, a mechanical fastener such as a staple, strap, or tie, or other such means. In the case of a bonded connection, all of the yams in the stmcture do not need to be thermoplastic yams to act as binder ya s. The binder yams necessary to provide the sticky polymer, partially dissolved polymer, molten polymer, or the like to act as an adhesive, or binder, for the bond may be distributed throughout the stmcture in a variety of ways. A binder yam is a yam that would mechanically or adhesively engage another binder yam or a non-binder yam during bonding. A non-binder yam is one that would not mechanically or adhesively engage another non-binder yam during bonding. In a simple case, some or all of the yams for the stmcture can be made from non-binder fibers which are covered with binder fibers by twisting or wrapping. An example of such a wrapped yam is a yam with a multifilament non-thermoplastic core which is wrapped with a multifilament sheath that contains some or all thermoplastic filaments. The sheath can be continuous filaments or staple fibers. In the case of staple fibers, the sheath can be a blend of binder and non-binder fibers, such as thermoplastic nylon staple fibers and non-thermoplastic aramid or cotton staple filaments. Such a yam constmction can be made using a "DREF 3 friction spinning machine" available from

Textilmachinenfabrik Dr. Ernst Fehrer AG of Linz, Austria. A blend of 5-25% by weight thermoplastic binder fibers in the sheath may work well for this application. Other binder and non-binder polymers may be used for the fibers in the yam as desired. When bonding using such a sheath core yam, it is to be expected that the sheath filaments would be affected by the bonding process while the core filaments would not. The core filaments could be relied on to carry the load in the stmcture after bonding. In some cases, it may be desirable to form bonds at all yam crossings to form a stiff board-like fabric stmcture. This may be accomplished by heating and urging together all the binder fiber in the structure so essentially all the yams are bonded together.

Another way to distribute binder adhesive material to bond the stmcture together is to provide binder yarn for one or more upper subgroups of, for instance, the zero degree group of yarns; and for one or more bottom subgroups of, for instance, the ninety degree group of yams. These top and bottom yams may be the sheath/core yams described above. Another way to distribute binder material is to use a binder containing yam for some fraction of each subgroup of, for instance, zero and ninety degree yams, such as every other or every tenth yam in each subgroup. One stmcture that has been found to work well is to make the top and next subgroups of ya s and the bottom and next subgroups of yams with binder fibers. During bonding, the top and next sublayer, and bottom and next sublayer, binder yams are adhesively joined and other non-binder yams may be mechanically engaged, such as by embedding, enveloping, encapsulating, or the like. This additional engagement of non-binder fibers results in load paths extending from the top to the bottom subgroups of yam even where the top and bottom subgroups don't directly contact each other.

When using a distribution of binder fiber in the stmcture of the invention, it has been found that a distribution of about 5%-60% binder fiber by total fiber weight is useful, and preferably a distribution of about 10%-20% by total fiber weight works well to provide good fabric integrity while retaining good fabric softness (minimize fabric stiffness and boardiness). In some cases, it may be desirable to have an all binder (thermoplastic) yam stmcture and control the bonds to be predominantly at some or all of the intersections between the top and bottom subgroups of yams in the stmcture without having to carefully locate the intersections between these two subgroups.

When using ultrasonics, for instance, to provide bonding energy to thermoplastic yams, it may be possible to achieve this preferential bonding by using thick or "fat" yams for the top and bottom subgroups of yams. When squeezed between a broad-faced ultrasonic hom and anvil, the intersection of the fat yams will receive more squeezing pressure than the adjacent thinner yams so the ultrasonic heating will occur preferentially at the fat yarn intersections with minimum bonding of the thinner yam intersections.

The connected fabric stmcture needs to have a controlled number of connections to achieve adequate strength, control bulk of the fabric, and to retain the inherent flexibility of the yams used in the fabric. Too few connections and fabric integrity is compromised; too many connections and the fabric flexibility is compromised and bulk is reduced. The number of connections can be some fraction of the total number of yam crossings in the structure. For good integrity, bulk control, and good flexibility, the number of connections must be controlled within limits. Figure 14 is a diagrammic view of a unit cell 380 of fabric stmcture, and the cross marks represent the yam crossings in the cell. The cell 380 represents a biaxial fabric stmcture with eight yams per direction for a total of (8X8) 64 crossings per cell. The lines 382, 384, 386. and 388 represent possible edges for a bond path through the cell. The circle 390 represents a single bond between a yam on the top of the stmcture and a yarn on the bottom of the stmcture, which would be the minimum number of bonded crossings for the cell. Between lines 384 and 386 would be a single-crossing- idth bond path which would be a medium number of bonded crossings for a cell; between lines 384 and 388 would be a double-crossing -width bond path which would be a high number of bonded crossings for a cell; and between 382 and 388 would be a triple- crossing-width bond path which would be a very high number of bonded crossings for a cell. Below is a table of variables and values for determining the fraction of bonded crossing to total crossings. "N" represents the number of yarns per direction in a square unit cell; in the unit cell 380 this number is 8. "Min" is the bonding fraction if only one crossing is bonded out of N² total crossings; "Med" is the bonding fraction if a single-crossing-width bond path is used that bonds N crossings out of N² crossings; "Hi" is the bonding fraction if a double-crossing- width bond path is used that bonds N+(N-1) crossings out of N² crossings; "V Hi" is the bonding fraction if a triple-crossing-width bond path is used that bonds N+(N-1)+(N-1) crossings out of N² crossings.

BONDING FRACTION TABLE

Min @ Med@ Hi©. V Hi@

# Bonded Crossings = 1 N N+(N- 1 ) N+2(N- 1 ) Fraction of Bonded Crossing = 1/N² 1/N (2N- 1 )/N² (3N-2)/N²

N (# Yarns per direction

Comments in unit cell)

3 .1 1 1 .333 .556 .778 preferred 4 .063 .250 .438 .625 preferred 5 .040 .200 .360 .520 most preferred 6 .028 .167 .306 .444 most preferred 7 .020 .143 .265 .388 most preferred 8 .016 .125 .234 .344 most preferred 9 .012 .111 .210 .309 most preferred 10 .010 .100 .190 .280 preferred 1 1 .008 .091 .174 .256 preferred 12 .007 .083 .160 .236 preferred 13 .006 .077 .148 .219 preferred 14 .005 .071 .138 .204 preferred 15 .004 .067 .129 .191 preferred 16 .004 .063 .121 .180

17 .003 .059 .1 14 .170

18 .003 .056 .108 .160

Overall, it has been discovered that a bonding fraction within the range of from about .003 to .778 is preferred. A bonding fraction within a range of about .008 to .520 is most preferred, or, that is, about 1% to 50% of the available crossings bonded or otherwise connected. This fraction can be controlled by the number of yarns in a cell and the number of bonds in a cell, which can be controlled by the width of the bond path and the number of bond paths within a cell. If there is more than one bond path within a cell, the bond paths should be narrow.

Referring to the bond fraction table above that was prepared with the simple cell process as a model, it should be noted that a fabric using 16 yams per cell that is at one end of the preferred scale may be most preferred when made using the split cell/single step process. This is so, since the interlacing is improved and the number of long unsecured yam lengths is reduced for a given number of yams per cell by this process. In general, if more interlacing is provided in a fabric of the invention, the number of bonds per cell can be reduced and still maintain good fabric integrity. For instance, if the split cell fraction is 1/2, the 16 yarn per cell, split cell fabric may be equivalent (in preference) to the 8 ya per cell, simple cell fabric in the table.

Figure 5A shows another flexible fabric stmcture where the yams are layed down in groups in three directions, at 0 degrees. 60 degrees and 120 degrees, to make a triaxial stmcture. For purpose of discussion, one parallelogram-shaped basic cell of the stmcture, that repeats throughout, is shown at 88 with sides shown by dashed lines which are oriented along the zero and sixty degree direction. Alternatively, the basic repeating cell could also have been selected as one with sides oriented along the zero and one hundred twenty degree direction. The top subgroup yam 81 defines the location of the X-axis and the intersection of ya 81 with the next subgroup yam 83 defines the origin 85 and thereby the Y-axis. The cell space for the zero degree group is shown at 89; the cell space for the sixty degree group is shown at 90; The cell space for the one hundred twenty degree group is shown at 92. Each cell space has four possible positions for yam in the subgroups. The third subgroup yam 87 crosses the

X-axis at about 0.5/4 which defines the third group shift from the origin. The top and bottom yarn subgroups, 12 and 1 respectively, are joined where they cross and overlap at points 80 and 82 both of which fall at the edge of the cell. Other overlap bond points in the stmcture, when developed into a larger area fabric, would be at the cross-hatched points, such as 84 and 86. Notice that the subgroup 2 yams lay between the yams of the top subgroup 12 and bottom subgroup 1 yams and are at least partially involved in the bond. Figure 5B shows a larger piece 95 of similar triaxial fabric, but made using eight yarns in each cell space, multiple cells, and a third group shift from the origin equal to zero, so equilateral triangles are formed by yams of the three groups.

Using the position conventions discussed above, the matrix for the stmcture of Figure 5 A would be the following:

no. of pos. subgroup 3rd group other for subgroup offset shift from group shift group/direction subgroup yarns position orig. from orig.

1/0 top 12 4 0/4 n/a n/a

11/120 next 1 1 4 0/4 n/a n/a

111/60 10 4 0/4 0.5/4 n/a

1/0 9 4 1/4

11/120 8 4 1/4

III/60 7 4 1/4

I/O 6 4 2/4

11/ 120 5 4 2/4

111/60 4 4 2/4

I/O 3 4 3/4 π/120 2 4 3/4

111/60 1 4 3/4

In general terms, the triaxial stmcture of the invention is similar to a biaxial stmcture of the invention with the addition that the interlaced fabric structure further comprises: - a plurality of third yarn subgroups having a plurality of yams oriented in a third angular direction free of crossings, the third yarn subgroups forming a stack with the first and second yam subgroups wherein the yams in the third yam subgroup cross the yams in the first and second subgroups;

- the stacking of all of the plurality of third subgroups forming a third yam group comprising yams that densely cover the predetermined fabric area.

In Figure 6, is shown an apparatus for continuously forming a biaxial fabric stmcture with basic cells similar to those of Figures IE and 2 A. The apparatus consists of an elongated yam support surface, such as a flat perforated belt 91, driven by motor 107, having an array of pins, such as pin 93, along one edge 94 and a parallel array of pins, such as pin 96 along the opposite edge 98 of belt 91 for positively holding yams against the forces of yam reversal. Beneath the belt is arranged a vacuum plenum 97 attached to a source of vacuum 99 for holding the yam in place on belt 91. Shown along edge 98 are a plurality of yam guide blocks 100, 102, 104, and 106 that are each mounted on guide means, such as guides 101 and 103, and each having drive means, such as actuator 105 for block 100, for traversing across belt 91 from one edge 98 to an opposed edge 94. Each yam guide block has a plurality of yam guides, such as guide 173 in block 100, for guiding a yam accurately onto the belt, such as yam 111 coming off of yam supply package 1 13. Dashed outlines 100'. 102', 104' and 106' at edge 94 show the position the blocks would take after traversing belt 91. A plurality of ultrasonic horns, such as horn 108. at location 1 10 are positioned across the belt 91 to act on yam laid thereon to fusion bond the overlapping yams to one another at spaced positions in a deposited fabric. The belt and a rigid support 109 underneath act as the ultrasonic anvil to couple the energy through the yarn. As soon as the yam cools from the ultrasonic bonding, the fabric stmcture can be stripped off the pins or hooks along the edge of the belt and the belt can be recirculated while the fabric is wound in a roll on a core (not shown). The winding tension for the fabric would be controlled to avoid distortion of the fabric along the direction of the belt which is along the fabric diagonal (bias) and along the axis of the bond path.

A representation of a two-group, biaxial, deposited fabric 112 is shown on the belt. The representation shows the pattem of yam laid down as the process starts up and the belt moves from right to left in the direction of arrow 114 as the blocks move substantially perpendicularly across the belt together from edge 98 to edge 94 in a manner coordinated with the belt motion along the belt elongated axis; and continue back and forth as represented by arrows 116. What is shown is what was produced at start-up and then was stopped and the belt backed up to align the start pattem with the guide blocks. For a true representation, block 100 (and the other blocks) would be shown shifted to the right in the figure to a location just beyond block 106. At the left end 118 of fabric 112 the top subgroups of yam are laid down by themselves, since at start-up none of the other subgroups are in place yet. At the right end 120 of the fabric 112, all subgroups are in place for a fully formed fabric by position 122 and the fabric will thereafter be continuously fully formed as the belt and blocks continue moving as described. The speed of the belt and the speed of the blocks are controlled and coordinated by a controller 115 communicating with motor 107 and the actuator for each block, such as actuator 105. This ensures that the yam passing through the guide blocks and laying on the belt forms a straight path at a 45 degree angle with the centerline and edge of the belt so there is a first group of yam at +45 degrees as at 119 and a second group of yam at -45 degrees as at 121. By varying the controlled motions, other angles of laydown and curved paths are also possible. The first and second (lower) subgroups of yam are laid down by block 106, the third and fourth (middle) subgroups of yam are laid down by block 104, the fifth and sixth (middle) subgroups of yam are laid down by block 102, and the seventh and eighth (upper) subgroups of yam are laid down by block 100. A given yam across the fabric may alternate between subgroups in the cells going back and forth across the fabric. In this example, the belt is moving and the blocks move only back and forth across the belt and the belt moves continuously from right to left. The same pattem can be generated if the belt is considered stationary and unusually long, and the blocks move back and forth diagonally at 45 degrees along the belt from left to right. The pattem of over and under yams varies in the fabric as evidenced by cells 124, 126, and 128. Figure 7 shows this portion of fabric 1 12 enlarged for discussion. The yams are shown slightly spaced apart in each group for clarity. In Figure 7, yam 130 is the eighth subgroup top yam in cells 124 and 126, but is the seventh subgroup yam in cell 128. Likewise, yam 132 is the sixth subgroup yam in cells 124 and 126, but the fifth subgroup yam in cell 128. Similar changes occur in the remaining subgroups. This deviation from a perfectly regular pattem within a fabric, unlike the pattem in Figures IE and 2 A, does not affect the structural integrity of the fabric and is an example of some acceptable variations in the patterns of the invention. The adjacent cells 134, 136, and 138 are all identical and are the same as the cells of Figures IE and 2 A. Each yam has a subgroup assignment and a position assignment in a cell. However, both the subgroup assignment and position assignment may vary from cell to cell in a given fabric stmcture, or they may remain constant, and in both cases still follow the basic rules for practicing the invention which are: - a plurality of substantially parallel yams in a group are arranged to densely cover an area with the yams of one group arranged to cross the yarns of another group;

- each group is comprised of a plurality of subgroups, with each subgroup having a plurality of yams sparsely arranged; - the plurality of yams in one subgroup of one group are offset from the plurality of yams in the other subgroups of the same group;

- the yams of the top subgroup and bottom subgroup are connected to each other at spaced locations either directly, or indirectly through the yams in the other subgroups. The top to bottom bond point for cell 124 is at 140; the bond point for cell

126 is at 142; the bond point for cell 128 is at 144. For a partial cell 146 at the edge of the fabric, the bond point is at 148. All these bond points would be covered by ultrasonic paths aligned with the arrows 150 at the left end of Figure 7. Four yams in each guide are sufficient to cover the belt for a four-yarn- cell-space fabric at the width shown and for a 45 degree pattem. In Figure 6, the space covered by one yam, such as yam 152, going from belt side 94 over to belt side 98 and back across the belt 91 takes up a distance along the belt as shown at 154. Four yams, such as yams 152, 156, 158, and 160 in guide 100, fill this space for subgroups 8 and 7. If a wider belt were used where the opposite edge 98 was at 162, the space covered by yarn 152 going back and forth across belt 91 would take up a distance along the belt as shown at 164. This would require additional yams 166, 168, 170, and 172 to fill this space for subgroups 7 and 8. Guide 100 would have to be extended to hold 8 yams instead of only 4 for this wider fabric, and block 102 would have to be shifted along the length of the belt 91 to make room for the larger block 100. Block 102 and the other blocks 104 and 106 would be extended and shifted similarly. The first yam guide hole 171 in block 102 is shown spaced from the last yam guide hole 173 in block 100 by a distance 175 of one cell diagonal plus one yam position diagonal to lay down the subgroup 5 and 6 yams in offset positions from the subgroup 7 and 8 yams laid bown by block 100. This spacing is similar for the succeeding guide blocks along the side of belt 91. This spacing may be less or more by units of a cell diagonal depending on how much room is needed for the guide blocks.

This spacing of guide blocks and coordinated motion between the blocks and the belt results in the 45 degree diagonal pattem of yam wherein the positions of each of the diagonal yams are adjacent the other yams (rather than overlapping them) to thereby densely cover the yam support surface on the belt with the yams. If a more dense, thicker stmcture is desired, additional guide blocks may be employed and another dense structure built up on top of the first one to make a layered stmcture. In general terms, the process just described for forming an interlaced fabric stmcture comprises:

(a) providing an elongated fabric support surface having an elongated axis and opposed lateral edges parallel to the axis, and arranging the surface adjacent a plurality of yam guide blocks arranged along opposed lateral edges of the elongated surface;

(b) providing a plurality of guides on said guide block, each guide adapted to guide a yam from a yam source to the support surface;

(c) engaging the yams at one edge of said support surface;

(d) providing relative motion between the support surface and each of the plurality of guide blocks so that the guide blocks deposit yam from the guides onto the surface in a first diagonal direction relative to the edge of the surface and in a predetermined direction along the support surface;

(e) engaging the yams at an opposed edge of said support surface;

(f) reversing the relative motion of the guide blocks and support surface so that the guide blocks deposit yam from the guides onto the surface in a second diagonal direction relative to the edge of the surface and in said predetermined direction;

(g) arranging said guide blocks and guides and arranging said relative motion so that when said yams from said blocks are deposited on said surface, the diagonal positions of each said yarn are offset from the other yams to thereby densely cover the support surface with said yams in one cycle of relative motion from one edge to the opposite edge and back to the one edge.

With the arrangement shown with separate guide blocks, the position of subgroup yams in the cell space can be varied by displacing the blocks along the length of the belt 91. With a space between the guide blocks and the manner of laying down yams to form a fabric, it is possible to add materials between the subgroups of yams within a fabric stmcture. For instance, a roll of film 1 17 could be arranged to continuously feed film between blocks 104 and 106, around a guide 1 19, and onto the fabric 112 between the subgroups of yam laid down by block 106 (subgroups 1 and 2) and block 104 (subgroups 3 and 4). In another instance, machine direction yams 121 and 123 could be arranged to continuously feed yam between blocks 102 and 104, through guides 125 and 127 respectively, and onto the fabric 112 between the subgroups of yam laid down by block 104 (subgroups 3 and 4) and block 102 (subgroups 5 and 6). Such insertions of material between subgroups is a unique capability of the fabric of the invention. In the case illustrated, the addition of the film and machine direction yams can reduce the deflection of the bias fabric in the machine direction or can achieve other special purposes. Other materials, such as nonwoven fabrics, wires, elastomeric fabrics or yarns, webs of natural or synthetic materials, scrims, etc., can be inserted.

There is another way of using guide blocks to lay yam down continuously to form a fabric on a belt. The blocks could be arranged in alternate locations along the edge of belt 91 and be arranged to travel in opposite directions across the belt as the belt is moving as shown in Figures 8 A and 8B. In Figure 8 A, the blocks 100 and 104 are arranged along edge 94 of belt 91 and blocks 102 and 106 are arranged along edge 98. As the belt 91 moves from right to left as seen going from Figures 8 A to 8B, the blocks cross the belt to the opposite side, thereby laying yam down on the belt in a diagonal path. Repeated operation of the blocks back and forth as the belt continues to mn will produce a pattem such as seen in enlarged fabric 174 of Figure 9. This pattem is slightly different from the fabric 112 of Figures 6 and 7. Looking at cells 176, 178, and 180, cells 176 and 178 are five subgroup cells while cell 180 is an eight subgroup cell. In cell 176, yam 181 is in subgroup 5; yams 182 and 184 are in the same subgroup, subgroup 4; yarns 186 and 188 are both in subgroup 3; yams 190 and 192 are both in subgroup 2 and yarn 194 is in subgroup 1. Looking at cell 180, yam 181 is in subgroup 7; yam 186 is in subgroup 5; yam 188 is in subgroup 3 and ya 194 is in subgroup 1. Cell 180 has the same arrangement as the basic cell of Figures IE and 2A. In order to form proper bond points from the top subgroup 5 to the non-intersecting bottom subgroup 1 in cell 176, there must be a bond point 196 between yam 181 of group 5 and yarn 182 of group 4 plus a bond point 198 between yarn 182 and yarn 194 of group 1. With the ultrasonic bonding paths as shown by the arrows at 200, there will be an additional bond point 202 between yam 181 of subgroup 5 and yam 192 of subgroup 2 and a bond point 204 between yarn 192 and ya 194 of subgroup 1. Through a chain of bond points in cell 176, the top subgroup 5 is connected to the bottom subgroup 1 even though the top and bottom subgroups don't cross one another. The arrangement of ultrasonic bond paths to achieve proper spaced bonds for the fabric 1 12 of Figures 6 and 7 is different from the bond paths for the fabric 174 of Figure 9. Figure 10A shows another apparatus for producing two dimensional fabrics of the invention. It is suitable for making a batch fabric instead of a continuous fabric. It is a simplier apparatus than that of Figure 6. A single guide block 206 is oscillated back and forth by actuator 207 over a table 208 that also oscillates back and forth by actuator 209 in a direction at right angles to the direction of oscillation of block 206. Parallel rows of pins 210 and 212 hold the yarn at the reversals. Vacuum may also be applied to the plate if desired. The block and table make numerous cycles back and forth in a manner coordinated with each other to produce dense groups of yam crossing one another. A single ultrasonic bonding hom 211 is then repeatedly passed over the fabric in paths parallel to the oscillation direction of table 208 to make spaced bond paths to connect the top and bottom subgroups of yams together. The fabric is then peeled off the edge pins 210, 212. By adding motion to the guide 206 in a vertical direction by actuator 205, a three dimensional fabric could be made over a three dimensional form 203 mounted on table 208. Figure 10B shows the curved yam paths in a fabric 213 that may be employed to cover a three dimensional form. Figure 11 A shows another apparatus for producing two dimensional batches of fabric stmcture. It is similar to the apparatus of Figure 10 except instead of laying yam down on a table, the yam is placed on a mandrel 214 by a guide block 216. Instead of the guide block 216 oscillating back and forth as in Figure 10, the guide block 216 is stationary and the mandrel 214 oscillates in a rotary motion by motor 215 as indicated by arrow 217 at the same time the table 208' moves the mandrel past the guide block by actuator 209'. A single row of pins 218 holds the yam between reversals in both directions as the mandrel rotates. The result is a fabric having a cylindrical tubular shape during fabrication. After all yams are laid down, a single ultrasonic hom 219 repeatedly follows an axial path along the mandrel at different circumferential locations over the fabric as it is oscillated back and forth via the table and mandrel. This results in parallel bond paths to connect the top and bottom groups together. Alternatively, the hom could follow a circumferential path at different axial locations along the mandrel. When peeled off pins 218. the result is a flat fabric. This fabrication on a cylindrical mandrel has an advantage over the flat plate of Figure 10A in that yam tension can be used to hold the yarns securely against the mandrel.

Figure 1 IB shows an apparatus similar to that in Figure 1 1A except the mandrel 214 would rotate continuously in one direction to make a cylindrical batch of fabric. In Figure 1 IB, a rotating mandrel 220 is mounted on moveable table 208" oscillated by actuator 209". A circular yarn guide support 222 holds a plurality of guides, such as yam guide 224, that are spaced apart around the circumference of the mandrel 220. Support 222 is held stationary relative to the mandrel and table. A yam strand, such as strand 226 from stationary package 228, is fed through each guide, such as 224, and is secured to end 230 of the mandrel where the support and mandrel are aligned before the mandrel starts to rotate and the table starts to move. Since the ya packages are stationary, the yam can be supplied endlessly using a resupply package (not shown) and yam transfer tails on the packages. The mandrel 220 has a plurality of rings 232 and 234 of closely spaced pins near the ends 230 and 236, respectively, of the mandrel as shown. These engage the yam at the ends of the traverse when the table reverses direction. At the end of each traverse as the ya engages the pin rings, the table stops moving and the mandrel is moved through a few degrees of rotation to make sure the yam is firmly engaged by the pins before the table reverses direction. The mandrel may be moved precisely by a stepping motor, such as motor 238. The yam must also align with the desired offset position of the cell before laying down next to an adjacent yam.

The yam laydown pattem and the motion of the table and mandrel will be discussed further referring to Figure 11C which is an imaginary view of the mandrel as if it were flattened out into a two dimensional form. At the left of the figure is mandrel end 236 and pin ring 234, and at the right of the figure is mandrel end 230 and pin ring 232. The dashed lines in the figure trace the yam paths on the back side of the flattened mandrel; the solid lines trace the yam paths on the front side. The yams illustrated are only those that are seen to start on the front side of the figure at points 240, 242, 244, and 246; and of these, only the yam starting at point 240 has its path traced throughout one complete laydown. These start points are those where the yam is laid down by guides such as guide 224 in support 222. Four other yams from support 222 would be tracing out similar paths starting on the back side of the flattened mandrel at the same spacing as the yams shown on the front side. These points represent the first yam position 0/4 of four possible positions for a first group in a cell space for the fabric. Yam at point 240 follows path 248 as mandrel 220 rotates and translates relative to yam guide support 222; while yams at points 242, 244, and 246 follow paths 250, 252, and 254, respectively. Tracing path 248 for laying down yarn in a first group, path 248 passes to the back side of the flattened mandrel at 256 and returns to the front side at 258 and reaches the ring of pins 232 at 260. Similarly, another first group yam from point 242 would reach the ring 232 at point 262; yam from point 244 would reach the ring 232 at point 264; and yam from point 246 would reach the ring 232 at point 266.

Assuming the yam is instantly engaged by the pin ring 232, the mandrel rotation continued, and the mandrel translation reversed immediately, the yam path 248' would start back along the mandrel from point 260 to lay down yam in the second group. If this ideal situation did not exist, the translation of the mandrel would stop while the mandrel rotation continued for a few degrees to anchor the yarn in the pins. The points at the right end 230 of the mandrel represent the first ya position 0/4 for a second group in a cell space for the fabric. Yam path 248' passes to the back side of the flattened mandrel at 268 and returns to the front side at 270, and reaches the ring of pins 234 at point 272. It now must be decided what pattem of yam positions are desired in the fabric. Assuming the next yam position desired is the 1/4 position, and the mandrel will continue rotating in the same direction, the yam landing at position 272 wants to be in position 274 before reversing the translation of the mandrel. The translation of the mandrel will stop when the yarn reaches point 272 and will dwell there while the mandrel rotates a few degrees until the yam reaches point 274; and the translation will then reverse and the yam will follow path 248". This will cause the yam to land in the right pin ring 232 at point 276 which is also in the 1/4 position of the cell space. If this is the desired pattem for the second group cell space, the mandrel translation can immediately reverse and the yam will return along path 248'". If it is desired to change the yam position for the cell, the translation of the mandrel can stop and the mandrel can continue rotating for a few degrees until the yam is in the desired position in the cell space, and then the translation reverses and the yam follows on a new path. The yam pattem in a cell can then be different for the first group yams and the second group yams. This pattem will continue until the yam from point 240 lands back at pin ring 234 at position 278. At that point all the yam positions for the cell space are occupied by subgroups of yams and the cylindrical batch of fabric stmcture is ready for bonding. An ultrasonic bonding hom (not shown, but similar to hom 219 in

Figure 1 1) can make repeated passes along the axis of the mandrel by translating the mandrel without rotation under the stationary hom and rotating the mandrel through several degrees at the end of each pass. Alternatively, the bonding can be along circumferential paths. After bonding, the pin rings may be removed (by retracting or other means) and the fabric pushed off the mandrel. Alternatively, one end of the fabric may be cut at one pin ring and only the opposite pin ring removed. By pushing the fabric, it will expand, since the fabric is oriented on a bias relative to the mandrel axis, so it will be easy to slide the fabric off the mandrel. In general terms, the process just described for forming an interlaced fabric stmcture comprises:

(a) providing an elongated fabric support surface on a rotatable mandrel having a rotational axis and opposed lateral ends substantially peφendicular to said axis, and (b) orienting the surface adjacent a circumferential yarn guide ring substantially peφendicular to said axis, the ring arranged adjacent a lateral end of the fabric support surface;

(c) providing a plurality of guides on said guide ring, each guide adapted to guide a yam from a yarn source to the support surface, the guides equally spaced to deposit yam at equal intervals around the mandrel circumference;

(d) engaging the yams at one end of said support surface;

(e) providing relative motion between the support surface and the guide ring so that the ring deposits yarn from the guides onto the surface in a first diagonal direction relative to the ends of the surface from one end to the opposed end and in a predetermined rotational direction along the support surface thereby sparsely covering the fabric area on the mandrel surface with yams in said first direction;

(f) engaging the yams at an opposed end of said support surface; (g) reversing the relative motion of the guide ring and support surface so that the guide ring deposits yam from the guides onto the surface in a second diagonal direction relative to the ends of the surface from said opposed end to said one end and in said predetermined rotational direction along the support surface thereby sparsely covering the fabric area on the mandrel surface with yarns in said second direction;

(h) arranging said guide ring and guides and arranging said relative motion so that when the yams from said guides on the guide ring are subsequently deposited on said surface, the diagonal positions of subsequently deposited yarns are offset from previously deposited yams in each first and second diagonal direction to thereby densely cover the support surface with said yams after repeated cycles of relative motion from said one end to the opposed end and back to said one end.

In some cases, it is desired to use the same circular guide support 222 (Figure 1 IB) for stmctures having different numbers of yams per cell so a different guide support does not need to be installed for routine changes in yarn denier or the like. One way to accomplish this flexibility is to use a special laydown pattem for yarns as discussed above referring to the split cell/single step process which would work well with this apparatus to make cells that would appear to have, and would perform as if there were, fewer numbers of yams in each cell.

Another possibility is a method of operating the mandrel motor 238 and table actuator 209" to apply a multiple pass of yams from guide support 222 to make actual changes in the number of yams per sublayer in the stmcture. For instance, to double the number of yams per sublayer, the yams, such as yams 226 and 226', could be layed down in a path designated by dashed lines 227 and which would add one yam between the original yams laid down by the guide. This would be accomplished as follows: a. rotate the mandrel in a clockwise direction as designated by arrow 221, and translate the mandrel past the guide support 222 as shown so that a sparse sublayer of yam, such as a zero degree sublayer formed of yams such as yarn 226 and 226', is layed down on the mandrel from pin ring 232 to pin ring 234; b. stop the translation and rotate the mandrel further by one half the distance between the yam guides 224; c. reverse the rotation of the mandrel to rotate counter-clockwise and translate the mandrel past the guide support 222 so that the yam, such as yam 226 and 226', is layed down on the mandrel from pin ring 234 to 232 and between the solid line yams to add yams to the sparse zero degree sublayer; d. stop the mandrel translation and continue the counter-clockwise rotation by a distance to place a yam guide 224 in position for the next sublayer, such as a ninety degree sublayer; e. continue the counter-clockwise rotation and translate the mandrel past the guide support 222 so that a sparse sublayer of yam, oriented in a ninety degree sublayer formed of yams such as yam 226 and 226', is layed down on the mandrel from pin ring 232 to pin ring 234; f. stop the translation and rotate the mandrel further in a counterclockwise direction by one half the distance between the yam guides 224; g. reverse the rotation of the mandrel to rotate clockwise and translate the mandrel past the guide support 222 so that the yam, such as yam 226 and 226', is layed down on the mandrel from pin ring 234 to 232 and between the just-layed-down ninety degree sublayer yams to add yams to the sparse ninety degree sublayer; h. stop the mandrel translation and continue the clockwise rotation by a distance to place a yarn guide 224 in position for the next sublayer, such as another zero degree sublayer; i. repeat the process a-h just described to add more sublayers as desired.

This altered process is different from the simple cell process for forming sublayers on the mandrel 220 where the guide has all the yarns necessary for a sublayer and the mandrel rotates in the same direction as it lays yam back and forth between the pin rings. The altered process just described adds yams to a sublayer by the continued rotation of the mandrel half the distance (or some other fraction) between the yam guides 224, and then reversing the rotation of the mandrel to add yams to that sublayer. If two more yams were to be added between guided yams instead of the one more yam just described in the example above, the continued rotation would only be one third the distance between guides and this step would be repeated at the next pin ring. Similarly, if three more yarns were to be added, the continued mandrel rotation would only be one fourth of the distance between guides and this step would be repeated at the next two pin rings. When laying down yams in this manner where the direction of rotation of the mandrel is reversed, it is important to minimize backlash in the apparatus and to minimize the unguided yam length between the yam guide and the mandrel surface.

There is a concern when laying down yam on the mandrel of Figure 1 IB that the path from the guide to the surface of the mandrel be as short as possible so the lay down position on the mandrel can be accurately predicted and controlled. This is a concern in any of the yam laydown devices. One way to accurately lay down the yams with precision is to use the device in Figure 1 ID which is shown in an end view of a mandrel 230' and circular guide support 222'. To illustrate a general case, the mandrel 230' is shown as an oval shape. It will be appreciated that the mandrel shape may also vary along its axis. Support 222' holds a plurality of guides, such as guide 224' that guides yam 226. Each guide, referring to guide 224', includes a hollow shaft 280, a radiused guide tip 282, a spring 284, and a retainer 286. The shaft passes through a hole 288 in support 222'. Spring 284 is placed over shaft 280 between support 222' and tip 282 to thereby urge the tip toward the mandrel 230'. Yam 226 passes through hollow shaft 280 and out through tip 282 and directly onto mandrel 230'. In this way, the yam is laid directly onto the mandrel much as if it were "painted" on the mandrel surface. This insures accurate placement of the yam on the mandrel. The shaft moves freely in hole 288 in support 222' to allow the guide tip to ride over any variations in the shape of the mandrel while the spring keeps tip 282, and the yarn 226 issuing therefrom, securely in contact with the mandrel surface. The tip 282 may advantageously be coated with a low friction coating for ease of sliding over the mandrel and the yarns laying thereon.

Figure 20 shows another device for laying down yam accurately on a compound curvature, such as a spherical surface, when using a robot or other mechanical actuator. There is a problem that the robot does not always follow complex curved paths in a continuous smooth motion and some irregular stepped motion is produced. It is useful to have some compliance in a yam guide tip to keep it in contact with a curved mandrel surface during deviations in the path of the guide actuator or robot. Yam guide 470 is attached to a slide 472 which is attached to a robot face plate 474. The slide is useful for fine positioning adjustments by way of screw 476 to set the initial deflection of the guide when programming the robot path. The guide 470 comprises a frame 478 that supports a hollow shaft 480 for rotation. A block 482 mounted on shaft 480 supports four thin flexible springs 484, 485, 486, and 487 (located behind 486). Attached at the intersection of the springs is a hollow tip 488 with a hemispherical end 489. The springs permit motion of the tip in the axial direction 490 and in a conical direction defined by angle 492. Rotation of shaft 480 allows the tip to roll over any surface it contacts while it is also free to deflect axially and angularly. This allows the tip to accurately place a yam 494 on the surface while the yam is passing through the hole 496 in hollow shaft 480 and the hole 498 in hollow tip 488.

Figure 12 shows an apparatus that is used to make a simple three dimensional tubular batch fabric using a lathe-type device or a textile yam winding device where the mandrel 290 rotates continuously by motor 291, but without translating, and the circular guide support 292 traverses along the mandrel axis back and forth driven by a cam or screw 294 rotated by a motor 293. Coordination of motors 291 and 293 provides control of the fabric stmcture. The pin rings of Figure 1 IB may be eliminated by providing shoulders 295 and 296 to engage the yam at the reversals and by keeping the bias angle low relative to the shoulder. This is a variation of the device shown in Figure 1 IB which may allow fabrication of fabrics of the invention with slight modification of existing mandrel systems.

Figure 13 shows an apparatus that is used to make a continuous fabric where the two groups of yam are oriented parallel and peφendicular to the direction of motion of the laydown belt. One group of yams is supplied as a plurality of subgroups each comprising a plurality of yams in a waφ direction; and another group is supplied as a plurality of subgroups each comprising a plurality of yams in a weft direction. A plurality of spaced ultrasonic bond paths connect the top and bottom subgroups together. The weft direction yarns are supplied by a process and apparatus similar to that disclosed in U.S. 4.030.168 to Cole hereby incoφorated herein by reference.

In Figure 13 is an apparatus 500 for laying down subgroups of yams 502, 504, 506, and 508 in the machine direction (MD) and combining them with subgroups of yams 510. 512, 514, and 516 in the cross-machine direction (XD) on a conveyor surface 517 to continuously form a pre-bonded fabric stmcture 518. The subgroups of yams 502, 504, 506 and 508 are guided onto the conveyor surface 517 by guides extending across the surface 517, such as guide bar 503 for subgroup 502. The guides, such as guide bar 503, may comprise rollers each having circumferential guide grooves (not shown) to act as individual yam guides to guide each of a plurality of yams spaced across the guide between the opposed edges of the conveyor surface for arranging the subgroup of yams with respect to other MD yams deposited on the conveyor surface. The guides, such as guide bar 503, may also comprise a group of spaced eyelets on a bar to guide each of a plurality of yams in the subgroup of the group arranged in the machine direction. The subgroups of yams 510, 512, 514 and 516 are guided onto the conveyor surface 517 by looped guides along the two opposed edges of belt 517, such as looped guides 505 on the near side and 507 on the far side for guiding subgroup 510. The looped guides have spaced yam holders or clamps (not shown) for holding the spaced relationship between the yams in the subgroup of the group arranged in the XD direction. The holders or clamps would release the yam after it is deposited on the fabric support surface of the conveyor and on any MD yarns already placed there. Preferably the XD yams are not released by the clamps until they are engaged by the next MD yams. In some cases, the MD yams may be placed under tension and be able to provide enough support for the XD yams so that a separate support surface is not required. An alternative to the endless loop conveyor surface illustrated may be a circular drum support surface, as long as the yarns can be adequately held on the surface, such as with MD yam tension or a vacuum, during rotation of the d m. The conveyor would be driven and have a vacuum applied similarly to the conveyor described in Figure 6. Fabric 518 is consolidated and connected by a plurality of spaced apart bonders located at position 520 to form a continuous fabric 522 of the invention. Contact roller 524 presses against conveyor roller 526 to positively drive the fabric without slippage on conveyor surface 517. The subgroup 502 comprises a sparsely spaced plurality of yams that are spaced apart by a repeatable cell distance and are laid directly on a conveyor surface 517. The subgroup 504 comprises a sparsely spaced plurality of yams that are also spaced apart by the same cell distance and are offset one yam position (into the paper) from subgroup 502; subgroup 506 comprises a sparsely spaced plurality of yams that are spaced apart by the same cell distance and are offset from both 502 and 504: and subgroup 508 comprises a sparsely spaced plurality of yams that are spaced apart by the same cell distance and are offset from all of subgroups 502, 504. and 506. The subgroup 510 comprises a sparsely spaced plurality of yams with all the yams, such as yarns 526 and 528. spaced apart a repeatable cell distance 530, which distance is the same for the spacing of all the yams in the other subgroups 512, 514, and 516. This spacing determines the number of possible yam positions for the yams in the subgroups 510, 512, 514, and 516. This controlled spacing and offset is best seen as the subgroups come together to form a fabric stmcture. The yams in subgroup 510 are spaced apart at a cell distance at 532; the yams in subgroup 512 are offset from subgroup 510 by a repeatable offset 534 and are spaced apart by the cell distance at 536; the yarns in subgroup 514 are offset from subgroup 512 by a repeatable offset 538 and are spaced apart by the cell distance at 540; and the yarns of subgroup 516 are offset from subgroup 514 by a repeatable offset 542 and are spaced apart by the cell distance at 544. These yams are shown in a position pattem of 0/4, 1/4, 2/4, and 3/4 going sequentially from subgroup 510 to subgroup 516. This sequence could be different, such as 0/4, 3/4, 1/4, and 2/4, depending on the pattem and stmcture desired. The same pattem sequence variations are also possible in subgroups 502, 504, 506, and 508 without regard to the patterns in subgroups 510-516. Films and other fiber materials may be inserted between subgroups of yam as was suggested in Figure 6. In general terms, the process just described for forming an interlaced fabric stmcture comprises: (a) providing an elongated fabric support surface having an elongated axis and opposed lateral edges, wherein a machine direction (MD) is defined in the direction of the elongated axis and a cross-machine direction (XD) is defined between opposed edges;

(b) laying down at the support surface a plurality of yam subgroups having yams oriented in the MD, each subgroup layed down at spaced locations along the elongated axis, the yams in each one MD subgroup located at offset positions in the XD different from other MD subgroups;

(c) laying down at the support surface a plurality of yam subgroups having yams oriented in the XD, each subgroup layed down at spaced locations along the elongated axis, an XD subgroup spaced from a respective MD subgroup, the yams in each one XD subgroup located at offset positions in the MD different from other XD subgroups; (d) moving the support surface in a predetermined direction aligned with the elongated axis to bring together the yarns deposited from all MD and XD subgroups to form a stack;

(e) urging the subgroups together and connecting the top subgroup in the stack to the bottom subgroup in the stack to thereby form an interlaced fabric stmcture.

A variation of the process described in relation to Figure 13 is to preassemble the two orthogonal and adjacent subgroups, such as subgroups 502 and 510 to form a scrim. The four scrims 502/510, 504/512, 506/514, and 508/516 would be joined with the offsets between subgroups described above to make the same fabric stmcture. The preassembled subgroups could be temporarily assembled into the scrims with a size adhesive which is removed after final assembly and connecting of the upper and lower subgroups, or the connections between the preassembled subgroups could remain in the final fabric stmcture.

The flexible fabric of the instant invention can be made directly into a three dimensional shape referring to Figure 15 to Figure 18E. A flexible fabric can be made directly to shape by laying each subgroup directly onto a shaped surface. Figure 15 shows an example of using a generalized dispensing system to create the fabric. A generalized actuator, in this case, a six degree of freedom robot 401, carries a single yam dispenser 402, similar to that shown in Figure 20, to the desired positions and orientations to deposit a yam 403 onto a shaped mandrel 404. The robot may also carry a plurality of yam dispensers to deposit a plurality of spaced yams simultaneously onto the shaped mandrel. For a general shape, each group of yams will include yams that are curved in space. Preferably, neighboring yams in the group are generally parallel and the yams of a group densely cover the region of the surface bounded by the outermost yams of that group; a given group may not necessarily cover the entirety of the desired final shape. Figure 16A shows a plan view of the mandrel, Figure 16B and 16D show elevation views, and Figure 16C an isometric view. Referring to the figures, paths 410 are curved paths in space for one subgroup of one group of yarns on a spherical mandrel 411. This subgroup path 410 consists of arcs 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, joined by connectors 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434. Figure 16B clearly shows how the connectors join the arcs of subgroup path 410, such as connector 424 which joins arc 412 to arc 413.

The orientation of the subgroup paths 410 with respect to the mandrel 411 is given by two angles: a rotation about the z-axis 435 and an inclination about the x-y plane 436. To find the angle 435, start at the beginning of arc 412 at point 437 in the lower right of Figure 16D. Define a tangent vector 438 that travels along arc 412 leftwards in Figure 16D towards the first connector 424. The orientation of this tangent vector at Y=0 in Figure 16D is shown in the vector 439, seen also in Figure 16A. Angle 435 is defined as the angle from the positive x-axis 442 to vector 439, in the plan view 16 A, which for the case shown is at -90 degrees. The subgroup paths 410 are inclined to the x-y plane 440 at an angle 436. which for the case shown is at +75 degrees. The angle 436 is inclined less than 90 degrees to insure that the yams at the equator of this spherical mandrel cross in an intersecting relationship from subgroup to subgroup, rather than being nearly parallel if angle 436 were at 90 degrees.

Figures 17A-17D show two other subgroup paths 450 and 451 created by rotating the subgroup paths 410 about the z-axis. The plan view angle, equivalent to angle 435, for path 450 is +30° and for path 451 is +150°. In this example, the three groups of subgroups are evenly spaced, with the plan view angle 435 of path 450 being +120° from path 410 and the plan view angle 435 of path 451 being

-120° from path 410. The number of groups and the necessary angles 435 and 436 for each group may be varied to provide the required structural properties of the shaped fabric.

The subgroup path 410 defines the skeleton of paths for the entire group of yams in this general direction. Other subgroups in this group are found by placing yams in offset positions along the surface, generally parallel to the sparse yams of the skeleton 410. In general, the subgroups of a directional group are not simply shifted versions of each other, as in the flat case; they have slightly different shapes. Other subgroups for the yams in the other group directions 450 and 451 are found by offsetting the subgroup paths 450 and 451 similarly along the surface of the mandrel for those general directions.

Figures 18A-18E illustrate a summation and completion of what was discussed referring to the yam paths of Figures 16A-D and 17A-D. Figures 18A-E show the progression of yam from a single subgroup in Figure 18A; to the first subgroups of three groups in Figure 18B; to the first two subgroups of three groups in Figure 18C; to the first three subgroups of three groups in Figure 18D; to four subgroups of three groups in Figure 18E, in this case, densely covering the desired surface region to form shaped fabric stmcture 452. In this example, the yams in each subgroup are spaced 4 yams apart, and each subgroup is offset from the previous group by a single position. A similar procedure can be used for groups with different number of yams (say 3 to 8 yams) separating the yams in each subgroup, or a different offset sequence for successive subgroups (say 0/4. 2/4, 1/4, 3/4 instead of the 0/4, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4 sequence shown). Each family of subgroup paths 410, 450, or 451. making up each of the three groups of yam paths need not cover the entire final surface region desired, and need not be similar to each other, as in this example. For a general shape with less symmetry, the different groups will not be similar. One may choose as many groups in as many general directions as necessary to cover the desired surface region such that at every point, there are at least two groups of crossing yams, and the crossing angle is sufficient to meet the mechanical property requirements of the fabric. Figure 18E shows that the flexible fabric stmcture 452 may combine triaxial regions 460, having three yam directions, with biaxial regions 461 , having two yam directions.

To fabricate the fabric, (referring to Figures 15, 16A-D, and 17 A-D) the generalized actuator may be taught or programmed to dispense yam along the subgroup paths defined for each group. The dispenser may dispense a single yam by traversing sequentially the arc 412, then the connector 424, then the arc 413, then the connector 425, etc., then the arc 422, then the connector 434, then the arc 423. Alternately, a dispenser can dispense all the arcs 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423 simultaneously in one pass. Alternately, a dispenser can dispense selected numbers of the arcs, such as the arcs 412, 413, 414 in one pass; and complete remaining arcs in succeeding passes of arcs 415, 416, 417, then 418, 419, 420, and then 421, 422, 423; using some or all of the connectors 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434. Alternatively to laying yam down in the connectors paths, the yams may be cut at the end of an arc and reattached to the mandrel at the beginning of the next arc. In this way yam from succeeding subgroups would not accumulate at the connector paths. Subgroups in the other directions may be laid down by teaching or programming the robot along those paths, or in certain symmetric cases such as this one, by rotating the mandrel about the z-axis 441 by the desired angle 435 and repeating the program for path 410. Generally for non-symmetrical shapes, however, subsequent subgroups would be taught or programmed independently since they are not simple translation offsets of the path 410 for the first laid subgroup of the first group.

Yam tension control is important during the dispensing along these paths to maintain the yam onto the generally curved path. Excessive tension will cause the yam to deviate significantly from the desired path. Preferably, a temporary aid, either mechanical or adhesive, is used on the mandrel surface and on yams in preceding subgroups to maintain the yam on the desired path. For instance, a pressure-sensitive adhesive may be sprayed on the mandrel at the start and on each succeeding subgroup of yam to aid in holding the applied yarns in place. To further assist, a roller may be used on each subgroup to press the adhesive covered yarns onto the mandrel and each other. These aids may remain in the final fabric, or be removed after the final connecting step.

The final step is to connect the final subgroup to be laid down in each region, the top subgroup, with the first subgroup to be laid down in that region. the bottom subgroup, at the crossing points between the two subgroups. In general, the top and bottom subgroups are arranged to be crossing one another.

Since each group does not necessarily cover the entire surface (but covers a substantial portion greater than 1/3 and preferably greater than 1/2 of the fabric area), the top and bottom subgroups may be different subgroups from different groups in the triaxial and biaxial regions. It is also possible to connect yams in the top subgroup with yams in the bottom subgroup by connecting the top and bottom yams to yams in intermediate subgroups at a plurality of spaced locations, rather than making precise direct connections between the top and bottom subgroup yams. Such a process was discussed when describing the flat fabric structures.

In general terms, the above process makes a three dimensional, shaped, interlaced, fabric stmcture, comprising: a stack of a first plurality of subgroups, a second plurality of subgroups, and a third plurality of subgroups, each subgroup having yams spaced apart to define a sparse covering of a fabric area, the yams generally parallel, and the yams following a curved path in space; the stacked subgroups arranged in a predetermined array with reference to a common axis and a common reference plane peφendicular to said axis; the first subgroups arranged at a first angle with respect to said reference plane and positioned at a first rotational angle about said axis, the second subgroups arranged at a second angle with respect to said reference plane and positioned at a second rotational angle about said axis, the third subgroups arranged at a first angle with respect to said reference plane and positioned at a third rotational angle about said axis, wherein the yams in any one of the first, second and third subgroups cross the yams in another of the first, second and third subgroups; within each first, second and third plurality of subgroups, the yams of one subgroup are offset from the yams of the other subgroups to thereby form a group of yams for each of the respective subgroups, the group for any respective subgroups densely covering a fabric area; the top subgroup in the stack is connected to the bottom subgroup in the stack to thereby form a three-dimensional, shaped interlaced, fabric stmcture. The fabric of the invention can also be wound on a composite rectangular parallelepiped form to make biaxial three dimensional fabric stmctures referring to Figures 19A-D. Figure 19A shows a composite rectangular mandrel 300 that is the general configuration of the desired shape, which in this case would be a short sleeve shirt. The mandrel may be a solid form made of connected rectangular parallelepiped pieces, such as torso piece 310, and an shoulder piece 312 detachably connected with rods or screws or clamps (not shown). The mandrel may also be a frame stmcture outlining the shape, or an expandable/collapsable stmcture to assist in removal of the finished fabric. To handle the form, and rotate it around three axes for ease of fabric forming, there are two pairs of gripper devices arranged in a framework (not shown) surrounding the mandrel. A suitable framework for supporting the grippers for rotation and translation and a variable speed motor for driving them can be provided by one skilled in machinery art and will not be discussed further here. Referring to Figure 19 A, a first pair of opposed grippers 302 and 303 are arranged to support the mandrel 300 for rotation about first mandrel axis 314. A second pair of opposed grippers 304 and 305 are arranged for supporting the mandrel 300 for rotation about second mandrel axis 316. Referring to Figure 19B, the mandrel can be reoriented 90 degrees from the position in Figure 19A and the second pair of opposed grippers 304 and 305 are arranged for supporting the mandrel 300 for rotation about third mandrel axis 318. Each pair of grippers are moveable rotationally and axially toward and away from one another; that is, gripper 302 can rotate and move axially toward and away from gripper 303, and gripper 303 can also rotate and move axially toward and away from gripper 302. In Figure 19 A, grippers 304 and 305 have both moved axially to engage the ends of mandrel piece 312 to rotate mandrel 300 about axis 316. The face of each gripper of the pair engaging the ends of the mandrel may be covered with a resilient high friction surface to securely grip the mandrel and any fabric laid there, or they may be covered with pins or needles to engage the ends of the mandrel and fabric. There is a first yam guide 306 for winding a first yam 307 onto mandrel 300 about axis 316. The guide 306 is supported and propelled by a rotating threaded rod 320 for transverse motion parallel to axis 316. The rod is supported by simple supports and driven by a variable speed motor not shown. The rotation of the mandrel grippers 304/305 and rod 320 are coordinated by a controller 321 so in one revolution of grippers 304/305 the yam 307 moves one cell distance 322 along the mandrel 300 to lay down a first subgroup of yam in the direction 324 on the mandrel. After covering the mandrel with one subgroup of yam, the winding stops and grippers 302 and 303 engage the mandrel and grippers 304 and 305 retract. Grippers 302/303 rotate the mandrel 90 degrees and stop, grippers 304 and 305 re-engage the mandrel, and grippers 302 and 303 retract. This places the mandrel in the position shown in Figure 19B.

Referring to Figure 19B, grippers 304 and 305 have both moved axially to engage the sides of mandrel piece 312 to rotate mandrel 300 about axis 318. The first yam guide 306 is now arranged for winding yarn 307 onto mandrel 300 about axis 318. The guide 306 will now be supported and propelled by the rotating threaded rod 320 for transverse motion parallel to axis 318. The rotation of the mandrel grippers 304/305 and rod 320 are coordinated so in one revolution of grippers 304/305 the yarn 307 moves one cell distance 332 along the mandrel 300 to lay down a first subgroup of yam in the direction 334 on the mandrel.

When winding yam about axis 318 of mandrel 300, in order to lay down the yam on the mandrel in the underarm of the shirt form, a special yam deflector is used that is best seen in Figure 19D, which is a side view of the mandrel and grippers shown in Figure 19B. As the mandrel 300 is rotated, at one point the yam 307 lies along dashed path 336 and across underarm 338 of the mandrel. At this point, a yam deflector 340 moves from a retracted position 342 to an extended position 344 and tucks the yam into the underarm where an insert 346 having temporary fasteners, such as hooks or adhesive, engages the yam and holds it in position in the underarm. The deflector 340 then quickly returns to the retracted position 342 and the mandrel continues rotating and yam continues being laid down. As the mandrel continues rotating and the other underarm 348 comes into the vicinity of the deflector 340, this cycle is repeated and the deflector tucks the yam into underarm 348 where it is engaged by temporary fastener insert 350.

Referring to Figure 19C, grippers 302 and 303 have both moved axially to engage the ends of mandrel 300 to rotate it about axis 314, and grippers 304 and 305 have retracted. The face of each gripper of the pair 302/303 engaging the ends of the mandrel may be covered with a resilient high friction surface to securely grip the mandrel and any fabric laid there, or they may be covered with pins or needles to engage the ends of the mandrel and fabric. There is a second yam guide 326 for winding a second yam 328 onto mandrel 300 about axis 314. The guide 326 is supported and propelled by a rotating threaded rod 330 for transverse motion parallel to axis 314. The rotation of the mandrel grippers 302/303 and rod 330 are coordinated so in one revolution of grippers 302/303 the yam 328 moves one cell distance 333 along the mandrel 300 to lay down a first subgroup of yam in the direction 335 on the mandrel.

To make a densely covered mandrel using four subgroups of yam in each of the three directions, the following sequence of operations is preferred, although other sequences are possible: the mandrel is gripped by grippers 304/305 as in Figure 19B and the yam 307 is attached to a comer 352 of the mandrel; grippers 304/305 rotate mandrel 300 about mandrel axis 318 and yam

307 is traversed by moving guide 306 to achieve a cell distance of 332; the yam is stopped at about position 354 and is cut and attached to the mandrel; grippers 302/303 engage the mandrel 300 and grippers 304/305 retract as in Figure 19C and the yam 328 is attached to a comer 356 of the mandrel; grippers 302/303 rotate mandrel 300 about mandrel axis 314 and yam

328 is traversed by moving guide 326 to achieve a cell distance of

333; the yam 328 is stopped at about position 358 and is cut and attached to the mandrel; grippers 304/305 engage the mandrel 300 and grippers 302/303 retract as in Figure 19A and the yam 307 is attached to a comer 360 of the mandrel; grippers 304/305 rotate mandrel 300 about mandrel axis 316 and yam 307 is traversed by moving guide 307 to achieve a cell distance of

322; the yam 307 is stopped at about position 362 and is cut and attached to the mandrel; grippers 302/303 engage the mandrel and grippers 304/305 retract and grippers 302/303 rotate mandrel 300 to the position in Figure 19B; grippers 304/305 engage the mandrel and grippers 302/303 retract as in Figure 19B and the yam 307 is attached near comer 352 except at an offset position of one, two, or three yam diameters from position

352; yam is wound once more about mandrel axis 318 at the offset position and is cut and attached near position 354; grippers 302/303 engage the mandrel 300 and grippers 304/305 retract as in Figure 19C and the yam 328 is attached near comer 356 of the mandrel except at an offset position of one, two, or three yam diameters from position 356; yam is wound once more about mandrel axis 314 at the offset position and is cut and attached near position 358; grippers 304/305 engage the mandrel 300 and grippers 302/303 retract as in Figure 19A and the yam 307 is attached to a near comer 360 of the mandrel except at an offset position of one. two, or three yarn diameters from position 360; yam is wound once more about mandrel axis 316 at the offset position and is cut and attached near position 362; - the above process continues with succeeding yams wound about a given mandrel axis being offset from preceeding yams until the mandrel is densely covered with the four subgroups of yams in the three directions. On any given face of the mandrel, there will be yams in only two directions, thereby forming a biaxial fabric stmcture on each face; on each face of the mandrel, the outermost subgroup of yams are connected to the innermost subgroup of yams where the outermost yams cross the innermost yams, by application of an ultrasonic hom only at the crossovers, with the mandrel acting as an ultrasonic anvil. Alternatively, a plurality of spaced ultrasonic homs could be traversed over each face of the mandrel in a diagonal path relative to the directions of the yams on that face, similar to what was taught with the flat fabric stmctures; after connecting is complete, the mandrel can be removed from the grippers and the sleeve ends of the fabric shirt can be cut open and mandrel piece 312 disengaged from piece 310 and piece 312 slid out of the cut sleeve opening; the waist end of the fabric shirt can be cut open and mandrel piece 310 slid out of the cut waist opening; - the cut ends of fabric may be removed or may be used to form cuffs on the sleeves and waist of the shirt. Using the above technique, three dimensional fabric articles of clothing can be made easily using relatively simple mandrels. By winding in a simple manner about three axes of the mandrel, a bidirectional yam, three dimensional fabric can be made without cutting and seaming separate fabric pieces as in the prior art. This produces unique articles of fabric clothing without seams.

Figure 19E illustrates the yam pattem as seen on a comer of the mandrel at the end of a sleeve at comer 364 as also seen in Figure 19 A. The mandrel axes are labelled at 366. Several of the first subgroup of yams laid down about the mandrel axis 318 are labelled 1; several of the second subgroup of yams laid down about the mandrel axis 314 are labelled 2. Several of the third subgroup of yams laid down about mandrel axis 316 are labelled 3. The subgroups are labelled in the order in which they are laid on the mandrel. For subgroups above three, only one yam in the subgroup is labelled to illustrate the pattem that develops on the mandrel. The group of yarns laid down about mandrel axis 318 are labeled with the number 1 for the first subgroup, the number 4 for the fourth subgroup, the number 7 for the seventh subgroup, and the number 10 for the tenth subgroup. The group of yams laid down about mandrel axis 314 are labeled with the number 2 for the second subgroup, the number 5 for the fifth subgroup, the number 8 for the eighth subgroup, and the number 1 1 for the eleventh subgroup. The group of yams laid down about mandrel axis 316 are labeled with the number 3 for the third subgroup, the number 6 for the sixth subgroup, the number 9 for the ninth subgroup, and the number 12 for the twelfth subgroup. Although yams are wound about three axes of the mandrel, on mandrel face 368, the yams form a biaxial stmcture; on mandrel face 370, the ya s form a biaxial stmcture; and on mandrel face 372, the yams form a biaxial stmcture.

Points 374 and 376 on face 368 show some typical bond points between the outermost subgroup 1 1 and the innermost subgroup 1. Points 378 and 380 on mandrel face 370 show some typical bond points between the outermost subgroup 12 and the innermost subgroup 2. Points 382 and 384 on mandrel face 372 show some typical bond points between the outermost subgroup 12 and the innermost subgroup 1. In general terms, the process just described for forming an interlaced shaped fabric stmcture comprises: (a) providing a rectangular parallelipiped fabric support surface rotatable in three orthogonal axes thereby defining three orthogonal yam laydown directions X, Y, and Z;

(b) laying down a first subgroup of yams to sparsely cover the support surface in said X direction; (c) laying down a second subgroup of yams to sparsely cover the support surface in said Y direction and form a stack with the yams in the X direction;

(d) laying down a third subgroup of yams to sparsely cover the support surface in said Z direction and form a stack with the yams in the X direction and the Y direction;

(e) repeating the laying down and stacking for each of the first, second and third subgroups and offsetting the yams in subsequent subgroups from all yams in previous subgroups until each of the plurality of subgroups forms a group of yams in the respective direction for that subgroup that densely covers the mandrel surface;

(f) connecting the top subgroup in the stack to the bottom subgroup in the stack thereby forming a shaped interlaced fabric stmcture. EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 1 A fabric stmcture was made from a sheath/core yam of 710 total denier which included a 400 denier core of continuous multifilaments of nylon 6,6 flat ya having 6 denier per filament. The core was wrapped with a sheath of staple fibers comprised of a nylon 6,6 copolymer containing 30% by weight of units derived from MPMD (2-methyl pentamethylene diamine) which had a melt point lower than the core polymer. The staple fibers being wrapped on the core were a sliver of 1.5 inch staple length and 1.8 dpf. This yam was made on a "DREF 3 Friction Spinning Machine" manufactured by Textilemachinenfabrik Dr. Ernst Fehrer AG of Linz, Austria. The fabric stmcture had 16 subgroups arranged as in Figure 2 A and was wound on a device as in Figure 1 IB. The fabric cell distance contained 8 yams. The bonds were made circumferentially using an ultrasonic generator made by the Dukane Co., model #351 Autotrak, which was operated at 40kHz with a force against the mandrel of about 4-5 lbs. The hom speed along the mandrel was such that about 0.2 joules per bond of ultrasonic energy was applied to the fabric. The bond paths were spaced about 0.2 inches apart and the hom tip was about 0.1 inch wide and 0.75 inches long with a slightly concave surface across the 0.1 dimension for about 0.5 inches of the length. At the concave end of the bonding surface, there was a radius to eliminate the leading comer and the concavity followed the radius. The hom did not make full contact along the 0.75 inch dimension due to the radius of the mandrel. The hom made highly bonded regions at the edges of the concave surface. It is believed that an improvement in bonding would be realized with a narrower hom of about 0.04 inches width with a flat bonding surface instead of a concave one.

After bonding, the fabric was removed from the mandrel and was given a tensile test in a direction parallel to one group of the yams. The maximum theoretical tensile strength of this fabric without any bonds was computed to be 148 lbs/inch by multiplying the yam strength of 4.6 lbs by 32 yams per inch. The bonded fabric of the invention had an actual grab strength of about 120 lbs/inch. It is believed that the sheath/core yam bonded by primarily melting the lower melting sheath, while the core filaments remained essentially undisturbed, so the strength of the fabric was not significantly diminished due to bonding. In another test of a fabric made with 630 denier nylon 6,6 multifilament yarn without the low melting sheath stmcture, the theoretical unbonded fabric tensile strength was

370 lbs/inch, and the actual bonded grab strength was 120 lbs/inch. This indicated a significant reduction in strength for the bonded multifilament yam compared to the strength reduction with the bonded low melting sheath. The low melting sheath offers a significant strength improvement when ultrasonic bonding is used for connecting the yarns.

EXAMPLE 2 A fabric stmcture was made with limited permeability by inserting film sheets in the fabric stmcture during fabrication. A sample was made using 630 denier continuous multifilament yam wound on the device of Figure 1 IB and bonded with the ultrasonic system described in Example 1. The fabric cell distance contained 8 yams. The film sheet was about a 3-5 mil thick Bynel polypropylene film. The fabric was made by first laying two subgroups on the mandrel followed by a sheet of film, followed by 12 subgroups of yam, followed by another sheet of film, followed by 2 subgroups of yam. The fabric was then bonded in the manner of Example 1. The fabric was removed from the mandrel and when examined by blowing air at the fabric, it was found that very little air passed through the fabric and this occurred only at the bonded region. EXAMPLE 3

A reinforced fabric stmcture was made by adding a sheet of spunbonded nonwoven fabric in the stmcture during fabrication. The yarn was the same yam as in Example 2. The nonwoven was a low melt copolymer polyamide weighing about 1 oz/sq yd. The fabric was made in the manner of Example 2. Fourteen subgroups of yam were wound on the mandrel, the nonwoven sheet was laid on the mandrel and two subgroups of yam were wound over the nonwoven. The fabric was bonded in the manner of Example 1. The fabric was removed from the mandrel and was found to have improved strength and reduced deflection in the bias direction. EXAMPLE 4

A preform for a composite panel was made using a non-thermoplastic yam and sheets of thermoplastic film. The yam was 840 denier continuous multifilament aramid (Kevlar™) flat yam. The film sheet was a 2-3 mil thick polyester film. The fabric was made in the manner of Example 2. Two subgroups of yam were wound on the mandrel, followed by a film sheet, followed by four subgroups of yam, followed by a film sheet, followed by four subgroups of yam, followed by a film sheet, followed by four subgroups of yam, followed by a film sheet, followed by two subgroups of yam, for a total of 16 subgroups of yam and four film sheet. The film made up about 15% by weight of the fabric. The fabric was bonded in the manner of Example 1. The fabric was removed from the mandrel and was found to have adequate integrity for handling as a composite preform. EXAMPLE 5 A fabric was made with a cotton sliver web inserted during fabrication to make a fabric that was soft to the touch. The yam was the same as used in Example 2. The cotton was a sliver formed into a web of about 8 x 1 1 inches and about 0.5 oz/sq yd weight. The fabric was made in the manner of Example 2.

Eight subgroups of yam were wound on the mandrel, followed by the cotton web. followed by eight subgroups of yam. The fabric was bonded in the manner of Example 1. The fabric was removed from the mandrel and was found to be a soft coherent stmcture, but it could be separated along the cotton web. It is believed that the integrity of the stmcture could be improved by adding some nylon 6,6 staple, or a low melting copolymer nylon 6,6 staple, to the cotton sliver by blending before making the cotton web. It is believed this would improve the bonding of the nylon yams together through the cotton web.

EXAMPLE 6 A fabric stmcture was made with natural fibers as the inner subgroups and thermoplastic fibers as the first and last subgroups. The stmcture used 8 feed yarns with 28 subgroups. The natural cotton yams had a denier of 1600, while the thermoplastic yams were nylon 6,6 of 630 total denier. The laydown sequence was as follows: first subgroup was nylon 6,6; next 26 subgroups were cotton; and the last subgroup was nylon 6,6. The stmcture was then bonded by tracing the path of each yam in the last subgroup with the ultrasonic hom, bonding along the length to bond each intersection of the first and last subgroup.

EXAMPLE 7 A fabric stmcture was made of Dacron™ yams (1.3 dpf, 255 total denier) consisting of repeating groups of subgroups. The fabric consisted of a two- layered fabric stmcture where one layer is a stack of two groups of subgroups that form a densely covered area, and the other layer is an identical group of subgroups that form a second densely covered area. The resulting fabric had a basis weight equivalent to a fabric consisting of the same number of total subgroups that were parallel but offset with no subgroups on top of one another, but gave a bulkier feel and appearance.

For comparison, three separate fabrics were made to explore the effect of different fabrication techniques on the bulk of the finished fabric. All fabrics were made using the above yam placed in 16 guides in the ring of the device of Figure 1 IB. All fabrics were bonded the same using the circumferential bonding process of Example 1. Fabric A was comprised of two groups of yams having a combined total of 18 subgroups, and with 9 yams per cell space to make a 1 oz/yd² fabric. Fabric B was comprised of two groups of yams having a combined total of 36 subgroups, and with 18 yams per cell space to make a 2 oz/yd² fabric. The yams in Fabric B were more closely packed in the same cell space as were the yams of Fabric A. Fabric C was comprised of a two-layered fabric structure where a first layer like Fabric A was formed, and then a second layer like Fabric A was formed on top of the first layer to make a fabric with a combined total of 36 subgroups of yarn to make a 2 oz/yd² fabric. The two layers were bonded only after both layers were wound onto the mandrel. The 3 fabrics were removed from the mandrel and were examined visually and by hand for bulk. Fabric A seemed to have the least bulk; Fabric C had the most bulk; Fabric B had a bulk level between that of Fabric A and Fabric C. It was suφrising that packing more yam into a cell space produced more bulk (comparison of

Fabric A and Fabric B) and that a two-layered stmcture with the same quantity of yam produced more bulk (comparison of Fabric B and Fabric C). Since all fabrics were bonded the same, this indicated that yam packing and layering can also be used to control bulk. EXAMPLE 8

Miscellaneous samples were made using two ply, bulked, continuous filament (BCF) nylon 6,6 caφet yam of 2500 denier and 19 denier per filament; and using staple nylon 6,6 caφet yam. The bonding energy for this large denier yarn may be as much as 1-2 joules of ultrasonic energy per yam crossing. Miscellaneous samples were also made using 150 denier, 0.75 denier per filament textured polyester yam. Flat and three dimensional samples were also made manually using 1/8-1/4 inch diameter rope or cord and plastic ties for connecting the yams where the outermost subgroups cross.

The fabric stmcture of the invention can be made by a variety of ways, including by manual and automated means, either in a batch or continuous manner, and using a wide variety of yams and connecting means.

Claims

What is Claimed is:

1. A fabric structure comprising: a plurality of groups of yarn densely covering an area, the yams within one group following substantially parallel paths and the yarns in one group arranged to cross yams in another group; a plurality of subgroups comprising each group, each subgroup comprising a plurality of yams sparsely covering said area, and the yams in one subgroup of one group offset from the yams in the other subgroups in said one group; a plurality of connections between the top subgroup of the stmcture and the bottom subgroup of the stmcture either directly or through the yams in other subgroups such that connection between crossing points of yam groups occur at from 0.3% to 80% of the times the yams cross.

2. The fabric stmcture of Claim 1 wherein the crossing points of yam groups occur at from 1% to 50% of the times the yams cross.

3. The fabric stmcture of Claim 1 in which there are unconnected regions separate from the connections such that the inherent flexibility of the yams in the stmcture is retained in the unconnected regions.

4. The fabric structure of Claim 1 in which the connections are spaced apart bonded regions and there are unbonded regions separate from the bonded regions such that the inherent flexibility of the yams is retained in the unbonded regions.

5. The fabric stmcture of Claim 1 in which the yams in a subgroup follow substantially parallel paths that cause each of the yams to cross itself within a subgroup and to cross its neighbors within a group.

6. The fabric stmcture of Claim 1 in which the yams in a subgroup of one group are folded over to become the yams in a subgroup of another group and thereby to cross them.

7. The fabric stmcture of Claim 1 or 15 in which a film or nonwoven sheet is placed between two adjacent subgroups within the stmcture.

8. A method of forming a flexible fabric of interlaced yam, comprising the steps of: laying down a plurality of groups of yarn, each group comprising a plurality of yams densely covering an area wherein the yams in the group are substantially parallel, the yarns in each group are crossing the yams in the other groups, and wherein each group comprises a plurality of subgroups and each subgroup comprises a plurality of yams, with the yams of each subgroup laid down spaced apart in a sparse array to cover said area; stacking each subgroup of one group on a different subgroup of an other group, with the yarns of the subgroup of the one group crossing the yams of the subgroup of the other group; positioning the yarns in each subgroup of one group offset from the yams in the other subgroups in said one group; connecting the uppermost subgroup in the stack to the lowermost subgroup in the stack to form an interlaced fabric stmcture wherein connection occurs at from 0.3% to 80% of the crossing points between yams in the subgroup.

9. The fabric stmcture made by the process of Claim 8.

10. The fabric stmcture of Claim 1 wherein the crossing points of yam groups occur at from 1% to 50% of the times the ya s cross.

1 1. The method of Claim 8 further comprising: urging the stacked subgroups of each group to nest together into a consolidated stmcture where the yarns in one group bend over the yams in the adjacent groups.

12. The method of Claim 8 wherein the connecting step comprises bonding said subgroups at spaced regions and providing unbonded regions separate from the bonded regions wherein the inherent flexibility of the yams is retained in the unbonded regions.

13. A three dimensional, shaped, interlaced, fabric stmcture, comprising: a stack of a first plurality of subgroups, a second plurality of subgroups, and a third plurality of subgroups, each subgroup having yams spaced apart to define a sparse covering of a fabric area, the yams generally parallel, and the yams following a curved path in space; the stacked subgroups arranged in a predetermined array with reference to a common axis and a common reference plane peφendicular to said axis; the first subgroups arranged at a first angle with respect to said reference plane and positioned at a first rotational angle about said axis, the second subgroups arranged at a second angle with respect to said reference plane and positioned at a second rotational angle about said axis, the third subgroups arranged at a third angle with respect to said reference plane and positioned at a third rotational angle about said axis, wherein the yams in any one of the first, second and third subgroups cross the yams in another of the first, second and third subgroups; within each first, second and third plurality of subgroups, the yams of one subgroup are offset from the yams of the other subgroups to thereby form a group of yams for each of the respective subgroups, the group for any respective subgroups densely covering a fabric area; the top subgroup in the stack is connected to the bottom subgroup in the stack to thereby form a three-dimensional, shaped interlaced, fabric stmcture.

14. The three-dimensional, shaped, interlaced, fabric stmcture of Claim 13, wherein the complete fabric area has a biaxial portion of the area that is comprised of two plurality of subgroups of the first, second or third subgroups and a triaxial portion of the area that is comprised of three plurality of subgroups of the first, second and third subgroups.

15. An interlaced fabric stmcture comprising: a plurality of first yam subgroups having a plurality of yams oriented in a first angular direction free of crossings, the first yam subgroups forming a stack with a plurality of second yam subgroups having a plurality of yams oriented in a second angular direction free of crossings; the yams in each subgroup following substantially parallel paths that are spaced apart in a repeating pattem to sparsely cover a common predetermined fabric area; the yam subgroups are alternately stacked with a first subgroup next to a second subgroup, wherein the yarns in the first subgroup cross the yams in the second subgroup; the yams in any one subgroup of the plurality of first subgroups are offset from the yams in all other subgroups of the first plurality of subgroups; the yams in any one subgroup of the plurality of second subgroups are offset from the yams in all other subgroups of the second plurality of subgroups; the stacking of all of the plurality of first subgroups forming a first yarn group comprising yams that densely cover the predetermined fabric area, and the stacking of all of the plurality of second subgroups forming a second yam group comprising yams that densely cover the predetermined fabric area; and the yams in the top subgroup in the stack, are connected to the yams in the bottom subgroup in the stack, to thereby contain the other subgroups in the stack in an interlaced fabric stmcture.

16. The interlaced fabric stmcture of Claim 15 wherein the yams in successive ones of the plurality of first subgroups in the stack are offset from each other by the width of a yam in that subgroup of the fabric ; and the yams in successive ones of the plurality of second subgroups in the stack are offset from each other by the width of a ya in that subgroup of the fabric.

17. The interlaced fabric stmcture of Claim 15, further comprising: a plurality of third yam subgroups having a plurality of yams oriented in a third angular direction free of crossings, the third yam subgroups forming a stack with the first and second yam subgroups wherein the yarns in the third yam subgroup cross the yarns in the first and second subgroups; the stacking of all of the plurality of third subgroups forming a third yam group comprising yarns that densely cover the predetermined fabric area.

18. The interlaced fabric stmcture of Claim 15 wherein the plurality of first subgroups are arranged in the stack to define a total number of offset yam steps equal to the number of subgroups making up the plurality of first subgroups, and wherein successive ones of the plurality of first ya subgroups are placed at a plurality of equal subintervals of yam steps from each other; and subsequent ones of the plurality of first yarn subgroups are progressively placed in the subintervals with the plurality of yams in successive ones of the plurality of first subgroups being offset one yam step from each other; the plurality of second subgroups are arranged in the stack to define a total number of offset yam steps equal to the number of subgroups making up the plurality of second subgroups, and wherein successive ones of the plurality of second yam subgroups in the stack are placed at a plurality of equal subintervals of yam steps from each other; and subsequent ones of the plurality of second yam subgroups in the stack are progressively placed in the subintervals with the plurality of yams in successive ones of the plurality of second subgroups being offset one yarn step from each other.

19. A method of forming an interlaced fabric stmcture comprising: laying down a first yam subgroup having a plurality of yarns oriented in a first angular direction free of crossings, the yams in the first subgroup following substantially parallel paths that are spaced apart in a repeating pattem to sparsely cover a predetermined fabric area; stacking a second yam subgroup next to the first yam subgroup, the second yarn subgroup having a plurality of yarns oriented in a second angular direction free of crossings, the yams in the second subgroup following substantially parallel paths that are spaced apart in a repeating pattem to sparsely cover the predetermined fabric area; continuing alternately stacking a plurality of first yam subgroups and a plurality of second yam subgroups comprising the substeps of: offsetting the plurality of yams in any one subgroup of the plurality of first subgroups from the plurality of yams in all other subgroups of the first plurality of subgroups, and laying down all the yams in one of the first plurality of subgroups before laying down the yams in another subgroup; offsetting the plurality of yams in any one subgroup of the plurality of second subgroups from the plurality of yams in all other subgroups of the second plurality of subgroups and laying down all the yams in one of the second plurality of subgroups before laying down the yarns in another subgroup; stopping the stacking when all of the plurality of first subgroups form a first yam group comprising yams that densely cover the predetermined fabric area, and when the stacking of all of the plurality of second subgroups form a second yam group comprising yams that densely cover the predetermined fabric area; and connecting the yams in the top subgroup in the stack to the ya s in the bottom subgroup in the stack to thereby contain the other subgroups in the stack and form an interlaced fabric stmcture.

20. The fabric stmcture made by the process of Claim 19.

21. A process for rapidly forming a three dimensional flexible shaped fabric, wherein yams strands in the subgroups are regularly spaced to follow the contours of the shape, comprising the following steps: laying down, upon a shaped surface, a plurality of groups of yam, each group comprising a plurality of yams densely covering an area wherein the yarns in the group are substantially parallel, the yams in each group are crossing the yarns in the other groups, and wherein each group comprises a plurality of subgroups and each subgroup laid down comprises a plurality of yams, with the yarns of each subgroup spaced apart in a sparse array to cover a substantial portion of said area; stacking each subgroup of one group on a different subgroup of an other group, with the yams of the subgroup of the one group crossing the yarns of the subgroup of the other group; positioning the yams in each subgroup of one group offset from the yarns in the other subgroups in said one group; connecting the uppermost subgroup in the stack to the lowermost subgroup in the stack to form an interlaced fabric structure wherein conncection occurs at from 0.3% to 80% of the crossing points, between yams in the subgroup.

22. The fabric stmcture of Claim 21 wherein the crossing points of yam groups occur at from 1% to 50% of the times the yams cross.

23. A fabric forming device for forming a fabric stmcture from a plurality of yams, comprising:

(a) an endless loop conveyor having a traveling support surface for supporting the fabric stmcture being formed, the surface having opposed edges parallel to the direction of travel and holders along each edge to temporarily hold the yam to resist lateral motion of the yam, the conveyor having a controllable motor for propelling the traveling support; (b) a plurality of guide bars adapted for movement across the surface from edge to edge, each bar containing a plurality of guides for repeatedly guiding a plurality of yams from the holders along one edge to the holders along the opposed edge and back to the one edge, the guide bars having a controllable actuator for propelling the bars back and forth across the support surface;

(c) a plurality of bonders arranged across the support surface between the support surface edges and beyond the last guide bar in the direction of travel of the surface, the bonders adapted to bond one yam to another yam where they cross; (d) a controller for coordinating the controllable motor; and actuators to continuously form a fabric stmcture on the support surface of the conveyor.

24. A yam dispensing device for laying down yam accurately on a compound curvature, when using a mechanical actuator, comprising the following elements:

(a) a mechanical guide actuating means;

(c) a block mounted on said hollow shaft which supports a plurality of flexible springs that intersect at a common point;

(d) at the point of intersection of the springs is a hollow tip with a hemispherical end through which the yam can pass, said springs permitting motion of the tip in an axial or angular direction, the rotation of said shaft allowing the tip to roll over any surface it contacts while it is also free to deflect axially and angularly, so as to accurately place a yam on the surface while the yarn passes through a hole in the hollow shaft and a hole in the hollow tip.

25. A method of forming a fabric of interlaced yam, comprising:

(c) engaging the yams at one edge of said support surface; (d) providing relative motion between the support surface and each of the plurality of guide blocks so that the guide blocks deposit yam from the guides onto the surface in a first diagonal direction relative to the edge of the surface and in a predetermined direction along the support surface; (e) engaging the yarns at an opposed edge of said support surface:

(g) arranging said guide blocks and guides and arranging said relative motion so that when said yams from said blocks are deposited on said surface, the diagonal positions of each said yam are offset from the other yams to thereby densely cover the support surface with said yams in one cycle of relative motion from one edge to the opposite edge and back to the one edge.

26. The method of Claim 25 wherein providing relative motion comprises moving said support surface in a predetermined direction along said axis of said surface and moving said guide blocks in a direction along a path from said one edge to said opposed edge, said path substantially peφendicular to said axis.

27. The method of Claim 26, in which at least one said block is arranged along one edge and at least another said block is arranged along said same edge and said one and another of said blocks move from one edge to said opposed edge in unison during said providing of relative motion.

28. The yam product made by the process of Claim 27.

29. The method of Claim 25, in which at least one said block is arranged along one edge and at least another said block is arranged along said opposed edge and said one and another of said blocks move toward and away from each other as they move from one edge to an opposed edge during said providing of relative motion.

30. The yam product made by the process of Claim 29.

31. A process of forming a fabric of interlaced yam, comprising:

(a) providing an elongated fabric support surface on a rotatable mandrel having a rotational axis and opposed lateral ends substantially peφendicular to said axis, and

(b) orienting the surface adjacent a circumferential yam guide ring substantially peφendicular to said axis, the ring arranged adjacent a lateral end of the fabric support surface;

(c) providing a plurality of guides on said guide ring, each guide adapted to guide a yam from a yam source to the support surface, the guides equally spaced to deposit yam at equal intervals around the mandrel circumference;

(d) engaging the yams at one end of said support surface; (e) providing relative motion between the support surface and the guide ring so that the ring deposits yarn from the guides onto the surface in a first diagonal direction relative to the ends of the surface from one end to the opposed end and in a predetermined rotational direction along the support surface thereby sparsely covering the fabric area on the mandrel surface with yams in said first direction;

(f) engaging the yams at an opposed end of said support surface;

(g) reversing the relative motion of the guide ring and support surface so that the guide ring deposits yam from the guides onto the surface in a second diagonal direction relative to the ends of the surface from said opposed end to said one end and in said predetermined rotational direction along the support surface thereby sparsely covering the fabric area on the mandrel surface with yams in said second direction;

32. The method of Claim 31 , wherein arranging said relative motion comprises stopping said relative motion between said guide ring and said mandrel support surface when said guide ring first returns to said one end and continuing said predetermined rotation of said mandrel surface for a predetermined distance to place a subsequently deposited yam in a predetermined offset position relative to a previously deposited yam in said first direction and before the reversing of said relative motion; and repeating said stopping, said continuing, and said reversing at said opposed end to place a subsequently deposited yarn in a predetermined offset position relative to a previously deposited yarn in said second direction and before the reversing of said relative motion; and stopping said relative motion between said guide ring and said mandrel support surface when said guide ring has placed a yam in all offset positions for each first and second directions to thereby densely cover a fabric area on the mandrel support surface.

33. An interlaced fabric stmcture made by the process of Claim 31.

34. The method of Claim 32 wherein continuing said predetermined rotation of said mandrel surface for a predetermined distance comprises: defining equal subintervals of offset positions between the first deposited yams in the first and second directions; sequentially continuing said predetermined rotation at said one end and opposed end to place subsequently deposited yams in each direction at these subintervals; further sequentially continuing said predetermined rotation at said one end and opposed end to progressively place yams in each subinterval at a distance from previous yams of one yam offset to thereby complete the placing of yams in all offset positions in all the subintervals together.

35. A process for forming an interlaced fabric stmcture, comprising the steps of:

(a) providing an elongated fabric support surface having an elongated axis and opposed lateral edges, wherein a machine direction (MD) is defined in the direction of the elongated axis and a cross-machine direction (XD) is defined between opposed edges;

(b) laying down at the support surface a plurality of yam subgroups having yams oriented in the MD, each subgroup layed down at spaced locations along the elongated axis, the yams in each one MD subgroup located at offset positions in the XD different from other MD subgroups; (c) laying down at the support surface a plurality of yam subgroups having yams oriented in the XD, each subgroup layed down at spaced locations along the elongated axis, an XD subgroup spaced from a respective MD subgroup, the yams in each one XD subgroup located at offset positions in the MD different from other XD subgroups; (d) moving the support surface in a predetermined direction aligned with the elongated axis to bring together the yams deposited from all MD and XD subgroups to form a stack;

36. An interlaced fabric stmcture made by the process of Claim 35.

37. A process for forming an interlaced shaped fabric stmcture, comprising the steps of:

(a) providing a rectangular parallelipiped fabric support surface rotatable in three orthogonal axes thereby defining three orthogonal yam laydown directions X, Y, and Z;

(e) repeating the laying down and stacking for each of the first, second and third subgroups and offsetting the yams in subsequent subgroups from all yams in previous subgroups until each of the plurality of subgroups forms a group of ya s in the respective direction for that subgroup that densely covers the mandrel surface;

(f) connecting the top subgroup in the stack to the bottom subgroup in the stack thereby forming a shaped interlaced fabric stmcture.

38. The process of Claim 37, further comprising the step of separating the fabric support surface from the fabric.

39. An interlaced shaped fabric structure made by the process of Claim 38.