US3974989A - Inflatable lighter-than-air article composed of a coated triaxial weave construction - Google Patents

Inflatable lighter-than-air article composed of a coated triaxial weave construction Download PDF

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Publication number
US3974989A
US3974989A US05/567,016 US56701675A US3974989A US 3974989 A US3974989 A US 3974989A US 56701675 A US56701675 A US 56701675A US 3974989 A US3974989 A US 3974989A
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United States
Prior art keywords
gas
triaxial weave
weave fabric
coated
triaxial
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Expired - Lifetime
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US05/567,016
Inventor
Kenneth A. Goodfellow
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EIDP Inc
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EI Du Pont de Nemours and Co
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Priority to US05/567,016 priority Critical patent/US3974989A/en
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64B—LIGHTER-THAN AIR AIRCRAFT
    • B64B1/00—Lighter-than-air aircraft
    • B64B1/06—Rigid airships; Semi-rigid airships
    • B64B1/14—Outer covering
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
    • Y10T442/3179—Woven fabric is characterized by a particular or differential weave other than fabric in which the strand denier or warp/weft pick count is specified
    • Y10T442/3187—Triaxially woven fabric

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an improved inflatable lighter-than-air article, more particularly an improvement in a covering for an inflatable lighter-than-air article.
  • inflatable lighter-than-air articles such as balloons, dirigibles, zeppelins, and blimps have been known to man for a long time, they have never achieved their full potential as carriers of either cargo or passengers.
  • Known coverings of inflatable lighter-than-air articles are comprised of biaxial weave fabrics coated with various resins or elastomers such as neoprene or urethane. Coating biaxial fabric is well known in the art. However, such coated fabrics have an inherent weakness of the bias (45° from either the warp or weft yarns) which can lead to insufficient physical properties for inflatable articles. For example, tear and tear propagation resistance are physical poperties which generally can be inadequate. At the low coating weights required for airships, these coated fabrics may have good tear but have poor bias strengths. To achieve a balance of these properties it is necessary to laminate multiple plies of fabric oriented at different angles. To laminate in this manner requires a laborious process, part of which can only be done by hand.
  • Triaxial fabrics are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,446,251, issued May 27, 1969 to Norris F. Dow. The stated resistance to tear of these fabrics is said to be a property for many end-use applications. However, there does not appear to be much difference in isotropic strength of uncoated triaxial fabrics when compared to uncoated biaxial fabrics of similar construction and weight.
  • An inflatable lighter-than-air article having the improved covering has reduced weight and increased strength, and allows the carrying of larger and heavier loads; thereby, increasing its safety, economic advantage, and acceptance. This would aid inflatable articles to achieve their full commercial potential.
  • This invention is directed to an improvement in inflatable lighter-than-air articles, the improvement being a covering composed of a coated triaxial fabric.
  • the coated triaxial fabric consists of a triaxial fabric, weighing less than 2 ounces per square yard, having firmly adhered to one side a heat sealable polymeric coating and having firmly adhered to the other side a gas impermeable film.
  • the coated fabric has a thickness of 6 to 10 mils, a weight of not more than 8 ounces per square yard, a tensile strength measured at the weakest direction according to ASTM-D-751 of at least 300 lbs. and a tear strength measured by ASTM-D-751 of at least 25 pounds.
  • the inflatable lighter-than-air article of this invention is comprised of a coated triaxial fabric.
  • the coated triaxial fabric is produced by coating and/or impregnating one surface of a triaxial fabric with a heat sealable polymeric composition using conventional techniques known in the art, and then by adhering a gas impermeable film to the other surface of the fabric using conventional techniques known in the art.
  • Conventional coating techniques include dipping, brushing, spraying and calendering.
  • the yarns used in the triaxial fabrics can be made of any material commonly used in fiber manufacture such as polyester, polyamide, and aromatic aramide. Fabric weight depends upon the yarn used and weave density. The triaxial fabric utilized weighs less than 2 ounces per square yard.
  • a preferred triaxial fabric is woven from aromatic aramide fiber because of its high strength per weight.
  • a gas impermeable film is any film which is impermeable to lighter-than-air gas. Included among the impermeable films are polyvinyl fluoride film, polyethylene terephthlate film, and polyvinylidene chloride.
  • the impermeable film has a thickness of 0.001 to 0.0015 mil and weight of 1.3-2.0 ounces per square yard.
  • the impermeable film will include an ultraviolet light absorber with it. Titanium dioxide is an example of an ultraviolet light absorber.
  • the gas impermeable film can be pretreated by dipping into a solution of a heat sealable substance prior to being adhered to the fabric.
  • the pretreatment is to increase the strength of adhesion to the fabric and to provide a substance which can seal minute openings formed during manufacture of the inflatable article.
  • a preferred impermeable film is polyvinyl fluoride film which has been pretreated by dipping into a solution of chemical adhesive, such as, isocyanate, polyester, or epoxy adhesive, and a solution of a heat sealable polyester urethane.
  • chemical adhesive such as, isocyanate, polyester, or epoxy adhesive
  • a heat sealable polymeric film is produced by any thermoplastic material capable of increasing the tensile strength of the triaxial fabric and of sealing any minute opening produced during manufacture of the inflatable lighter-than-air article.
  • thermoplastic materials include polyether urethane, polyester urethane, polyvinyl chloride, and chlorosulfonated polyethylene.
  • thermoplastic materials are polyester urethanes, such as Estanes sold by B. F. Goodrich Chemical Company or Rucothanes sold by the Hooker Chemicals and Plastics Corporation.
  • a coated triaxial weave fabric consistng of a Ply "A” and a Ply “B” was prepared as follows.
  • Laminate Ply "B” to the fabric side of Ply "A” for 2.5 minutes at 135°C. and 1000 pounds per square inch.
  • the laminate produced weighed less than 8 ounces/square yard and was less than 9 mils thick.
  • the laminate can be used as the covering for an airship which would have deceased weight and increased strength.

Abstract

An improved lighter-than-air article is provided. The improvement is a covering which consists essentially of a triaxial fabric having a gas impermeable polymeric film firmly adhered to one surface and a heat-sealable polymeric film firmly adhered to the other surface.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an improved inflatable lighter-than-air article, more particularly an improvement in a covering for an inflatable lighter-than-air article.
2. Prior Art
Although inflatable lighter-than-air articles such as balloons, dirigibles, zeppelins, and blimps have been known to man for a long time, they have never achieved their full potential as carriers of either cargo or passengers.
One of the reasons for this is the lack of a covering having sufficient lightness and strength which is capable of being manufactured inexpensively and easily.
Known coverings of inflatable lighter-than-air articles are comprised of biaxial weave fabrics coated with various resins or elastomers such as neoprene or urethane. Coating biaxial fabric is well known in the art. However, such coated fabrics have an inherent weakness of the bias (45° from either the warp or weft yarns) which can lead to insufficient physical properties for inflatable articles. For example, tear and tear propagation resistance are physical poperties which generally can be inadequate. At the low coating weights required for airships, these coated fabrics may have good tear but have poor bias strengths. To achieve a balance of these properties it is necessary to laminate multiple plies of fabric oriented at different angles. To laminate in this manner requires a laborious process, part of which can only be done by hand.
Triaxial fabrics are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,446,251, issued May 27, 1969 to Norris F. Dow. The stated resistance to tear of these fabrics is said to be a property for many end-use applications. However, there does not appear to be much difference in isotropic strength of uncoated triaxial fabrics when compared to uncoated biaxial fabrics of similar construction and weight.
An inflatable lighter-than-air article having the improved covering has reduced weight and increased strength, and allows the carrying of larger and heavier loads; thereby, increasing its safety, economic advantage, and acceptance. This would aid inflatable articles to achieve their full commercial potential.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention is directed to an improvement in inflatable lighter-than-air articles, the improvement being a covering composed of a coated triaxial fabric. The coated triaxial fabric consists of a triaxial fabric, weighing less than 2 ounces per square yard, having firmly adhered to one side a heat sealable polymeric coating and having firmly adhered to the other side a gas impermeable film. The coated fabric has a thickness of 6 to 10 mils, a weight of not more than 8 ounces per square yard, a tensile strength measured at the weakest direction according to ASTM-D-751 of at least 300 lbs. and a tear strength measured by ASTM-D-751 of at least 25 pounds.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The inflatable lighter-than-air article of this invention is comprised of a coated triaxial fabric. The coated triaxial fabric is produced by coating and/or impregnating one surface of a triaxial fabric with a heat sealable polymeric composition using conventional techniques known in the art, and then by adhering a gas impermeable film to the other surface of the fabric using conventional techniques known in the art. Conventional coating techniques include dipping, brushing, spraying and calendering.
The triaxial fabrics used in the invention are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,446,251, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. These fabrics have three angularly displaced sets of parallel courses of yarns, woven so as to prevent slippage of at least one yarn course set along any other yarn course set. By varying the openness of the weave, slippage of all three yarn course sets can be varied or prevented.
The yarns used in the triaxial fabrics can be made of any material commonly used in fiber manufacture such as polyester, polyamide, and aromatic aramide. Fabric weight depends upon the yarn used and weave density. The triaxial fabric utilized weighs less than 2 ounces per square yard.
A preferred triaxial fabric is woven from aromatic aramide fiber because of its high strength per weight.
A gas impermeable film is any film which is impermeable to lighter-than-air gas. Included among the impermeable films are polyvinyl fluoride film, polyethylene terephthlate film, and polyvinylidene chloride. The impermeable film has a thickness of 0.001 to 0.0015 mil and weight of 1.3-2.0 ounces per square yard. The impermeable film will include an ultraviolet light absorber with it. Titanium dioxide is an example of an ultraviolet light absorber.
The gas impermeable film can be pretreated by dipping into a solution of a heat sealable substance prior to being adhered to the fabric. The pretreatment is to increase the strength of adhesion to the fabric and to provide a substance which can seal minute openings formed during manufacture of the inflatable article.
A preferred impermeable film is polyvinyl fluoride film which has been pretreated by dipping into a solution of chemical adhesive, such as, isocyanate, polyester, or epoxy adhesive, and a solution of a heat sealable polyester urethane.
A heat sealable polymeric film is produced by any thermoplastic material capable of increasing the tensile strength of the triaxial fabric and of sealing any minute opening produced during manufacture of the inflatable lighter-than-air article.
Included among the thermoplastic materials are polyether urethane, polyester urethane, polyvinyl chloride, and chlorosulfonated polyethylene.
Preferred thermoplastic materials are polyester urethanes, such as Estanes sold by B. F. Goodrich Chemical Company or Rucothanes sold by the Hooker Chemicals and Plastics Corporation.
EXAMPLE 1
A coated triaxial weave fabric consistng of a Ply "A" and a Ply "B" was prepared as follows.
Prepare Ply "A" as follows:
Calender a 2 mil thick thermoplastic urethane film (Estane 5072 sold by B. F. Goodrich) onto one side of a triaxial aromatic aramide fabric (Kevlar sold by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company) weighing 2.0 ounces/square yard.
Prepare Ply "B" as follows:
Dipcoat a polyvinyl fluoride film containing titanium dioxide (white Tedlar sold by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company) into a primer solution of Chemlock 205 (a proprietary primer sold by Hughson Chemical Company) and pass through number 30 wire wound rolls. Dry the primer Tedlar film for two minutes at 120°C.
Dipcoat the primer Tedlar film into a solution of thermoplastic urethane latex (number 1023 Urethane Latex sold by Wyandotte Chemical) and pass through number 30 wire wound rolls.
Laminate Ply "B" to the fabric side of Ply "A" for 2.5 minutes at 135°C. and 1000 pounds per square inch.
The laminate produced weighed less than 8 ounces/square yard and was less than 9 mils thick.
The laminate can be used as the covering for an airship which would have deceased weight and increased strength.

Claims (4)

I claim:
1. In an improved lighter-than-air article comprised of lighter-than-air gas and a covering to contain the gas, the improvement consisting of a covering which is a coated triaxial weave fabric consisting essentially of
a. a triaxial weave fabric
consisting of fibers wherein said fibers are polyester, polyamide, or aromatic aramide, and
weighing less than 2 ounces per square yard;
b. a heat-sealable polymeric film firmly adhered to one side of the triaxial weave fabric,
said heat-sealable polymeric film being polyether urethane, polyester urethane, polyvinyl chloride, or chlorosulfonated polyethylene; and
c. a gas-impermeable film firmly adhered to the other side of the triaxial weave fabric,
said gas-impermeable film being polyvinyl fluoride, polyethylene terephthalate, or polyvinylidene chloride; and
the coated triaxial weave fabric having
a thickness of 6 to 10 mils,
a tensile strength measured at the weakest direction according to ASTM-D-751 of at least 300 pounds, and
a tear strength measured by ASTM-D-751 of at least 25 pounds.
2. The improved article of claim 1 wherein triaxial weave fabric consists of aromatic aramide fibers.
3. The improved article of claim 1 wherein the gas impermeable film has a thickness of 0.001-0.0015 mil, weight of 1.3-2.0 ounces per square yard, and is further comprised of an ultraviolet absorber.
4. The improved article of claim 3 wherein the gas impermeable film is pretreated with compounds to increase its adhesiveness.
US05/567,016 1975-04-10 1975-04-10 Inflatable lighter-than-air article composed of a coated triaxial weave construction Expired - Lifetime US3974989A (en)

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Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1979000210A1 (en) * 1977-10-14 1979-04-19 American Pneumatics Co Self-contained fluid pressure foot support device
US4217705A (en) * 1977-03-04 1980-08-19 Donzis Byron A Self-contained fluid pressure foot support device
DE3106365A1 (en) * 1980-03-07 1981-12-17 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd., Osaka WEATHER-RESISTANT MEMBRANE MATERIAL WITH HIGH STRENGTH
US4499842A (en) * 1983-04-11 1985-02-19 North Sails, Inc. Sail cloth and sail made therefrom
WO1994022545A1 (en) * 1993-03-30 1994-10-13 Continental American Corporation Inflatable balloons with anti-blooming and anti-fogging coatings
WO1999033121A1 (en) 1997-12-19 1999-07-01 Sky Station International, Inc. Flexible sheet material with embedded solar cells for stratospheric vehicles and method of production
WO2001010636A1 (en) * 1999-08-10 2001-02-15 Rexam, Inc. High-strength lightweight composite fabric with low gas permeability
EP1243506A1 (en) * 2000-11-06 2002-09-25 Sakase Adtech Co., Ltd. Inflatable structure, array antenna having inflatable structure, and inflatable structure unfolding method
EP1457313A1 (en) * 2003-03-14 2004-09-15 Lockheed Martin Corporation Flexible laminate material for lighter-than-air vehicles
WO2005097263A1 (en) * 2004-04-12 2005-10-20 Efremov Vladimir A Method for evacuating persons from highly populated objects
US20050263642A1 (en) * 2003-11-04 2005-12-01 Daniel Geery Highly maneuverable powered airship
US20060084336A1 (en) * 1999-08-10 2006-04-20 Warwick Mills, Inc. High strength lightweight composite fabric with low gas permeability
US20070128963A1 (en) * 2005-08-23 2007-06-07 Vogt Kirkland W Flexible sheet-like composites
US20070281570A1 (en) * 2006-05-30 2007-12-06 Liggett Paul E Reduced weight flexible laminate material for lighter-than-air vehicles
WO2008131916A2 (en) 2007-04-28 2008-11-06 Kamal Alavi Flexible multi-layer material, preferably for an inflatable balloon casing, and method for the production of an inflatable casing
US8025053B1 (en) * 2003-06-26 2011-09-27 Mine Safety Appliances Company Pressure regulator assembly
US20130075533A1 (en) * 2011-09-21 2013-03-28 Porcher Industries Composites, Method for Preparation of Same and Flying Sails Containing Them
US8524621B2 (en) 2005-09-21 2013-09-03 Lockheed Martin Corporation Metallized flexible laminate material for lighter-than-air vehicles
US20140060409A1 (en) * 2011-05-05 2014-03-06 Porcher Industries Reinforcing textile thread for an inflatable sail, and rigging sail comprising such reinforcing textile threads

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR430828A (en) * 1911-01-25 1911-10-25 Wilhelm Kirchner Improvements made to balls, and, more specifically, to fabrics or other materials for the constitution of their gas pocket
GB371604A (en) * 1930-04-22 1932-04-28 Ig Farbenindustrie Ag Improvements in and relating to envelopes for gas cells
US3127135A (en) * 1964-03-31 Polyurethane
US3446251A (en) * 1968-04-23 1969-05-27 Gen Electric Triaxial fabric
US3874422A (en) * 1974-03-13 1975-04-01 Doweave Inc Triaxially woven fabrics of uniform compliancy and porosity

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3127135A (en) * 1964-03-31 Polyurethane
FR430828A (en) * 1911-01-25 1911-10-25 Wilhelm Kirchner Improvements made to balls, and, more specifically, to fabrics or other materials for the constitution of their gas pocket
GB371604A (en) * 1930-04-22 1932-04-28 Ig Farbenindustrie Ag Improvements in and relating to envelopes for gas cells
US3446251A (en) * 1968-04-23 1969-05-27 Gen Electric Triaxial fabric
US3874422A (en) * 1974-03-13 1975-04-01 Doweave Inc Triaxially woven fabrics of uniform compliancy and porosity

Cited By (35)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4217705A (en) * 1977-03-04 1980-08-19 Donzis Byron A Self-contained fluid pressure foot support device
WO1979000210A1 (en) * 1977-10-14 1979-04-19 American Pneumatics Co Self-contained fluid pressure foot support device
DE3106365A1 (en) * 1980-03-07 1981-12-17 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd., Osaka WEATHER-RESISTANT MEMBRANE MATERIAL WITH HIGH STRENGTH
US4346139A (en) * 1980-03-07 1982-08-24 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Highly weather-proof high strength tri-axial woven membrane materials
US4499842A (en) * 1983-04-11 1985-02-19 North Sails, Inc. Sail cloth and sail made therefrom
US5383806A (en) * 1993-03-30 1995-01-24 Continental American Corporation Inflatable balloons with anti-blooming and anti-fogging coatings
WO1994022545A1 (en) * 1993-03-30 1994-10-13 Continental American Corporation Inflatable balloons with anti-blooming and anti-fogging coatings
WO1999033121A1 (en) 1997-12-19 1999-07-01 Sky Station International, Inc. Flexible sheet material with embedded solar cells for stratospheric vehicles and method of production
US6224016B1 (en) 1997-12-19 2001-05-01 Sky Station International, Inc. Integrated flexible solar cell material and method of production
WO2001010636A1 (en) * 1999-08-10 2001-02-15 Rexam, Inc. High-strength lightweight composite fabric with low gas permeability
US20060084336A1 (en) * 1999-08-10 2006-04-20 Warwick Mills, Inc. High strength lightweight composite fabric with low gas permeability
EP1243506A1 (en) * 2000-11-06 2002-09-25 Sakase Adtech Co., Ltd. Inflatable structure, array antenna having inflatable structure, and inflatable structure unfolding method
US6791510B2 (en) * 2000-11-06 2004-09-14 Sakase Adtech Co., Ltd. Inflatable structure, array antenna with inflatable structure, and deployment method for inflatable structure
EP1243506A4 (en) * 2000-11-06 2006-06-14 Sakase Adtech Co Ltd Inflatable structure, array antenna having inflatable structure, and inflatable structure unfolding method
US6979479B2 (en) 2003-03-14 2005-12-27 Lockheed Martin Corporation Flexible material for lighter-than-air vehicles
US20040180161A1 (en) * 2003-03-14 2004-09-16 Lavan Charles K. Flexible material for lighter-than-air vehicles
EP1457313A1 (en) * 2003-03-14 2004-09-15 Lockheed Martin Corporation Flexible laminate material for lighter-than-air vehicles
US20060134359A1 (en) * 2003-03-14 2006-06-22 Lavan Charles K Flexible laminate material for lighter-than-air vehicles
US7354636B2 (en) 2003-03-14 2008-04-08 Lockheed Martin Corporation Flexible laminate material for lighter-than-air vehicles
US8025053B1 (en) * 2003-06-26 2011-09-27 Mine Safety Appliances Company Pressure regulator assembly
US7303166B2 (en) * 2003-11-04 2007-12-04 Daniel Geery Highly maneuverable powered airship
US20050263642A1 (en) * 2003-11-04 2005-12-01 Daniel Geery Highly maneuverable powered airship
WO2005097263A1 (en) * 2004-04-12 2005-10-20 Efremov Vladimir A Method for evacuating persons from highly populated objects
US20070128963A1 (en) * 2005-08-23 2007-06-07 Vogt Kirkland W Flexible sheet-like composites
US7713890B2 (en) 2005-08-23 2010-05-11 Milliken & Company Flexible sheet-like composites
US8524621B2 (en) 2005-09-21 2013-09-03 Lockheed Martin Corporation Metallized flexible laminate material for lighter-than-air vehicles
US20070281570A1 (en) * 2006-05-30 2007-12-06 Liggett Paul E Reduced weight flexible laminate material for lighter-than-air vehicles
WO2008131916A3 (en) * 2007-04-28 2009-02-12 Kamal Alavi Flexible multi-layer material, preferably for an inflatable balloon casing, and method for the production of an inflatable casing
US20100239797A1 (en) * 2007-04-28 2010-09-23 Kamal Alavi Flexible Multi-Layer Material, Preferably for an Inflatable Balloon Casing, and Method for the Production of an Inflatable Casing
WO2008131916A2 (en) 2007-04-28 2008-11-06 Kamal Alavi Flexible multi-layer material, preferably for an inflatable balloon casing, and method for the production of an inflatable casing
US20140060409A1 (en) * 2011-05-05 2014-03-06 Porcher Industries Reinforcing textile thread for an inflatable sail, and rigging sail comprising such reinforcing textile threads
US9234305B2 (en) * 2011-05-05 2016-01-12 Porcher Industries Reinforcing textile thread for an inflatable sail, and rigging sail comprising such reinforcing textile threads
US20130075533A1 (en) * 2011-09-21 2013-03-28 Porcher Industries Composites, Method for Preparation of Same and Flying Sails Containing Them
CN103112219A (en) * 2011-09-21 2013-05-22 博舍工业公司 Composites, method for preparing same and gliders comprising the same
CN103112219B (en) * 2011-09-21 2017-07-04 博舍工业公司 Compound, its preparation method and the flight sail including the compound

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